# CourseToJob — full text > All careers, degree subjects and guides on CourseToJob in one file, generated 2026-09-26. Figures for countries are in the JSON API. ## Software developer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/software-developer/ ISCO-08: 2512 · SOC: 15-1252 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries Software developers design, build, test and maintain the programs and apps that run on computers, phones, websites and machines. Most start with a degree in computer science or a related subject, but employers in many countries also hire people from bootcamps, apprenticeships or self-taught routes who can show strong coding work. ### What does a software developer do? - Turn user needs and business requirements into technical designs. - Write, review and improve code in languages such as Python, Java, JavaScript or C#. - Test software, find the causes of bugs and fix them. - Work with designers, product managers and other developers in short planning cycles. - Maintain and update existing systems, including security fixes. - Document how the software works so others can support it. Developers work for software companies, banks, retailers, governments, hospitals, game studios and almost every large organisation. Many work in hybrid or fully remote teams, and some work as freelancers for clients in other countries. The work is mostly computer-based, with regular team meetings, and some roles include on-call duty to fix urgent problems. ### What skills do you need? - Programming in at least one major language - Problem solving and logical thinking - Software testing and debugging - Version control (for example Git) - Databases and data structures - Cloud platforms and deployment - Clear written and spoken communication - Teamwork in agile ways of working ### How do you become a software developer? The most common route is a bachelor's degree in computer science, software engineering or another subject with a lot of programming, such as mathematics, physics or electrical engineering. Employers look closely at practical ability, so internships, open-source contributions and personal projects matter as much as grades. Graduates from other subjects can switch through a conversion master's degree, a coding bootcamp or an employer training scheme. Technical interviews, often with coding tests, are standard in most countries. - **University degree.** A three- or four-year degree in computer science or software engineering gives you theory, programming practice and access to internships and graduate schemes. Related degrees in mathematics, physics or engineering are also widely accepted. - **Apprenticeship or vocational training.** In countries with strong apprenticeship systems, such as Germany, Switzerland and the UK, you can train as a developer while working and earning. Some schemes lead to a full degree. - **Bootcamp or self-taught.** Intensive courses and online learning can lead to junior roles if you build a strong portfolio. This route is more competitive, and some employers and visa systems still prefer a degree. ### Do you need a licence to work as a software developer? Software development is not a regulated profession in most countries, so you do not need a licence to work as a developer. Titles such as "engineer" are protected in a few places, for example in some Canadian provinces, where only licensed engineers may use them. Vendor certifications from cloud providers can help but are rarely required. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$135,980 (BLS OEWS, SOC 15-1252) ### Job outlook Demand for software skills is spread across the whole economy rather than one industry, which makes the career fairly resilient. AI coding tools are changing the job by automating routine code, so employers increasingly value system design, testing, security and understanding user needs. Entry-level hiring can tighten when technology companies cut costs, so internships and a strong portfolio make a real difference. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need a degree to become a software developer?** Not always. A degree in computer science or a related subject is the most common route and helps with graduate schemes and work visas, but many employers hire developers from bootcamps, apprenticeships or self-taught backgrounds if they can prove their skills with projects and pass technical interviews. **Which degree is best for software development?** Computer science and software engineering are the most direct choices. Mathematics, physics, data science and electrical engineering also lead into development roles, especially if you add programming projects and an internship. **Is software development a good career for international graduates?** It is one of the most portable careers because programming languages and tools are the same worldwide and remote work is common. Work visas still depend on each country's rules, and many schemes favour applicants with a relevant degree. **Will AI replace software developers?** AI tools already write and review routine code, which changes what junior developers do. People who can define problems, design reliable systems, check AI output and understand users are likely to remain in demand, but the skills employers expect are shifting. ## Web developer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/web-developer/ ISCO-08: 2513 · SOC: 15-1254 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries Web developers build and maintain websites and web applications, from the pages people see to the servers and databases behind them. Many have a degree in computer science or a related subject, but this is one of the most open technology careers. Employers in many countries also hire people from bootcamps, apprenticeships or self-taught routes who have a strong portfolio. ### What does a web developer do? - Build web pages and features using HTML, CSS and JavaScript. - Develop the server-side code, databases and APIs that power web applications. - Turn designs into working layouts that adapt to phones, tablets and computers. - Test websites in different browsers and devices and fix bugs. - Improve speed, security and accessibility so that sites work well for all users. - Update and maintain existing sites, including content management systems. - Work with clients, designers and marketing teams to agree what a site needs. Web developers work for digital agencies, software companies, online retailers, media organisations, universities and public bodies, or in the in-house teams of almost any large employer. Freelancing is common, and many developers build sites for small businesses or for clients in other countries. Remote and hybrid work is widespread. The work is mostly at a computer, with deadlines around launches, and some roles include fixing urgent problems when a site goes down. ### What skills do you need? - HTML, CSS and JavaScript - Front-end frameworks and libraries - Server-side programming and APIs - Databases and SQL - Web accessibility and performance - Version control (for example Git) - Problem solving and debugging - Communicating with clients and non-technical colleagues ### How do you become a web developer? Many web developers have a degree in computer science, software engineering or a related subject, but employers usually care most about what you can build. A portfolio of live websites, code in public repositories and freelance or volunteer projects is often the deciding factor. People from design, marketing, the humanities and other backgrounds commonly switch through bootcamps, online courses or employer training. Start with HTML, CSS and JavaScript, then learn a popular framework and some server-side programming. Most hiring processes include a technical task or coding interview. - **University degree.** A degree in computer science, software engineering or web development teaches programming, databases and networking, and gives you access to internships and graduate schemes. Degrees in design or mathematics can also lead into web development if you add strong coding projects to your studies. - **Apprenticeship or vocational training.** In countries with strong apprenticeship systems, such as Germany, Switzerland and the UK, you can train as a developer while working and earning. Vocational colleges in many countries also offer web development diplomas that combine coding with practical projects for real clients. - **Bootcamp or self-taught.** Web development is one of the most common self-taught routes into technology, because tools and learning materials are widely available online. You need a strong portfolio of real projects to compete, because junior roles often attract many applicants. Some employers and visa systems still prefer a degree. ### Do you need a licence to work as a web developer? Web development is not a regulated profession, so you do not need a licence to work as a web developer. However, the websites you build may have to follow laws on data protection, privacy and accessibility. These laws differ between countries and regions, such as the European Union. Certifications from technology companies can show specific skills but are rarely required by employers. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$92,650 (BLS OEWS, SOC 15-1254) ### Job outlook Almost every organisation needs a website, online services or internal web tools, so demand for web skills is spread across the economy. At the same time, website builders and AI coding tools now handle many simple sites and much routine code, which reduces work on basic projects. Developers who can build complex applications, work with data and security, and understand user experience are in a stronger position. Entry-level competition can be intense, so real projects matter. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need a degree to become a web developer?** No. Web development is one of the easiest technology careers to enter without a degree, and many employers hire based on a portfolio and a technical test. A degree in computer science or a related subject still helps with graduate schemes, larger employers and work visas in some countries. It is worth considering if you can study. **What is the difference between a web developer and a software developer?** Web developers specialise in websites and applications that run in a browser, using technologies such as HTML, CSS and JavaScript. Software developer is a broader term that also covers desktop, mobile, embedded and large business systems. The skills overlap a lot, and many people move between the two roles during their careers. **What is the difference between front-end and back-end development?** Front-end developers build the parts of a website that users see and interact with, such as layouts, menus and forms. Back-end developers build the servers, databases and APIs that store and process data. Full-stack developers do both, which is common in smaller teams and start-ups. **How long does it take to become a web developer?** It depends on your starting point and how much time you can give. A university degree usually takes three or four years, while intensive bootcamps last a few months. Many self-taught learners spend a year or more practising before their portfolio is strong enough for a junior role. ## Data scientist URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/data-scientist/ ISCO-08: 2511 · SOC: 15-2051 · Degree usually needed · No licence needed in most countries Data scientists use statistics, programming and machine learning to find patterns in data and help organisations make decisions or build data-driven products. Most have a degree in a quantitative subject such as mathematics, statistics, computer science, physics or economics, and many employers prefer a master's degree or PhD. They work in technology, finance, healthcare, retail, government and research. ### What does a data scientist do? - Work with managers and teams to turn business questions into problems that data can answer. - Collect, clean and combine data from databases, files and other sources. - Explore data and use statistical methods to test ideas and measure effects. - Build, test and improve machine learning models for tasks such as forecasting or recommendations. - Design and analyse experiments, for example to compare two versions of a product. - Present results clearly with charts, reports and talks for non-specialists. - Work with engineers to put models into real products and monitor how they perform. Data scientists work for technology companies, banks, insurers, retailers, hospitals, consultancies, research institutes, national statistics offices and public health bodies. Most work in teams with data engineers, analysts and product managers. Hybrid and remote work is common. The work is computer-based and organised around projects, with a mix of independent analysis, meetings and presentations. In smaller organisations one person may do everything from collecting data to reporting results. ### What skills do you need? - Statistics and probability - Programming in Python or R - SQL and working with databases - Machine learning methods - Data cleaning and visualisation - Experiment design - Explaining results to non-technical people - Curiosity and critical thinking ### How do you become a data scientist? Most data scientists have at least a bachelor's degree in a quantitative subject, such as mathematics, statistics, computer science, data science, physics or economics. Many employers, especially for research-heavy roles, prefer a master's degree or PhD. Practical skills matter as much as qualifications. You should be confident with Python or R, SQL and core statistics, and have projects that show how you solved real problems with data. Many people start as data analysts or software developers and move into data science with experience. Interviews often include statistics questions and a coding or case-study task. - **University degree.** A bachelor's degree in data science, statistics, mathematics, computer science or a related subject gives you the foundation. A one- or two-year master's degree in data science, statistics or machine learning is a common next step, and employers often ask for one for more advanced roles. - **Conversion master's or PhD.** Graduates in subjects such as physics, biology, psychology, economics or engineering often move into data science through a conversion master's degree. A PhD that involves a lot of data analysis or modelling is also a strong route, particularly for research and specialist machine learning roles. - **Moving up from a related job.** Many data scientists first work as data analysts, software developers or researchers and build statistics and machine learning skills on the job or through online courses. Short courses alone rarely lead straight to a data scientist role, so a portfolio and relevant work experience are important. ### Do you need a licence to work as a data scientist? Data science is not a regulated profession, so you do not need a licence to work as a data scientist. However, the work is shaped by data protection and privacy laws, which differ between countries and regions such as the European Union. Some governments are also introducing rules on AI and automated decisions. Professional bodies for statisticians in several countries offer voluntary accreditation for data scientists. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$120,230 (BLS OEWS, SOC 15-2051) ### Job outlook Organisations collect more data than ever and want to use it for forecasting, personalisation and automation, so data science skills remain in demand across many sectors. The role is changing. Automated machine learning and AI assistants now handle more routine modelling and coding. As a result, employers increasingly value strong statistics, knowledge of a sector, good judgement and the ability to explain results. Entry-level roles are competitive, and job titles vary widely, so read job descriptions carefully. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need a master's degree to become a data scientist?** Not always, but it helps. Many data scientists have a master's degree or PhD, and some employers list one as a requirement. Others hire graduates with a strong bachelor's degree in a quantitative subject, especially if they have relevant projects, internships or experience as a data analyst. **What is the difference between a data scientist and a data analyst?** Data analysts mainly describe what has happened, using SQL, spreadsheets and dashboards to report trends. Data scientists usually go further, building statistical and machine learning models to predict outcomes or automate decisions. In practice the titles overlap, and the difference depends on the employer. **Which degree is best for data science?** Mathematics, statistics, computer science and data science degrees are the most direct choices. Physics, economics, engineering and other subjects with a lot of statistics and programming also lead into the field. Whatever you study, take courses in statistics, programming and machine learning, and build projects with real data. **Is data science still a good career?** Data science remains a strong career in many countries, but it is more competitive and more specialised than when the field was new. Employers now expect solid statistics and engineering skills, not just knowledge of popular tools. People who combine technical skills with knowledge of a sector, such as health or finance, often have an advantage. ## Data analyst URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/data-analyst/ ISCO-08: 2511 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries Data analysts collect, clean and study data to answer practical questions, such as which products sell best or where a service is failing. They present their findings in reports, charts and dashboards. Many have a degree in a subject such as mathematics, economics, business or computer science, but career changers often enter through short courses, apprenticeships and on-the-job training. ### What does a data analyst do? - Gather data from databases, spreadsheets, surveys and business systems. - Clean and check data so that errors and gaps do not distort the results. - Write SQL queries and use spreadsheets or programming to analyse data. - Build dashboards and reports that managers can use without technical help. - Spot trends, problems and opportunities and explain what they mean. - Answer questions from colleagues and suggest ways to measure progress. Data analysts work in almost every sector, including retail, banking, insurance, healthcare, marketing, logistics, telecommunications, charities and government. Some work in a central data team, while others sit in a department such as finance, sales or human resources. Consultancies and outsourcing firms also employ analysts to work on client projects. The job is mostly done at a computer in an office or at home, and hybrid working is common. ### What skills do you need? - SQL and relational databases - Advanced spreadsheet skills - Data visualisation and dashboard tools - Basic statistics - Python or R for analysis - Attention to detail - Clear writing and presentation - Understanding of business goals ### How do you become a data analyst? A degree in mathematics, statistics, economics, computer science, business or another subject that uses numbers is a common starting point. However, many employers focus on skills rather than a specific degree. You should be comfortable with spreadsheets, SQL and at least one data visualisation tool, and ideally know some Python or R. Career changers often move in from finance, marketing, operations or research roles, where they already work with data. A small portfolio of analysis projects using public data sets helps you show your skills, because interviews often include a practical test. - **University degree.** A degree in data science, mathematics, statistics, economics, computer science or business gives you the numerical and analytical base that employers want. Graduate schemes in large companies and the public sector often recruit analysts from a wide range of subjects, as long as you can show strong numerical skills. - **Apprenticeship or vocational training.** In countries with apprenticeship systems, such as the UK and Germany, you can train as a data analyst while working and earning. Vocational colleges and professional training providers in many other countries also offer data analysis diplomas and certificates with practical projects. - **Short courses and internal moves.** Many analysts start in another job and move into data work by taking online courses in SQL, statistics and visualisation. Moving internally is often easier than applying from outside, because you already understand the organisation's data. Certificates alone rarely guarantee a job, so practical projects are important. ### Do you need a licence to work as a data analyst? Data analysis is not a regulated profession, and you do not need a licence to work as a data analyst. You must follow data protection and privacy laws, which vary between countries, and some sectors such as healthcare and banking have extra rules on how data can be used. Certifications from software providers and professional bodies are optional, but they can help beginners show their skills. ### Job outlook Organisations in every sector rely on data to plan and measure their work, which keeps demand for analysts broad. AI tools can now write queries, summarise data and build simple charts, so routine reporting is likely to need fewer people. Analysts who understand the business, ask good questions, check results critically and explain them clearly should remain valuable. Many people use the role as a stepping stone to data science, data engineering or management. ### Frequently asked questions **Can I become a data analyst without a degree?** Yes, in many countries. Employers often care more about practical skills in SQL, spreadsheets and visualisation than about a specific degree, and some offer apprenticeships. However, many job adverts still ask for a degree, so without one you usually need a strong portfolio, relevant work experience or an internal move. **What skills do you need to be a data analyst?** The core skills are SQL, advanced spreadsheets, a data visualisation tool and basic statistics, and Python or R is increasingly expected. Equally important are attention to detail, curiosity and the ability to explain your findings to people who are not data specialists. **Is data analysis a good career for career changers?** It is one of the more accessible routes into technology. The basic tools can be learned in months, and many roles value knowledge of a sector such as finance, health or retail. Competition for entry-level jobs can be strong, so combining new data skills with your existing industry experience is often the best approach. **Will AI replace data analysts?** AI tools already automate parts of the job, such as writing queries and producing standard reports. They still make mistakes and cannot judge which questions matter to a business. Analysts who can frame problems, check data quality and turn results into decisions are likely to stay in demand, but entry-level work is changing. ## AI engineer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/ai-engineer/ ISCO-08: 2511 · Degree usually needed · No licence needed in most countries AI engineers, also called machine learning engineers, build and run systems that learn from data, such as recommendation tools, image recognition and applications based on large language models. They combine software engineering with machine learning. Most have a degree in computer science, mathematics or a related subject, often with a master's degree. They work in technology companies, research labs and many other industries. ### What does an AI engineer do? - Design, train and test machine learning models for specific tasks. - Prepare large data sets and build pipelines that feed data into models. - Build applications on top of existing AI models, for example chatbots or search tools. - Deploy models into products and make sure they run quickly and reliably. - Monitor models after launch and retrain them when data or performance changes. - Check models for errors, bias, security risks and possible misuse. - Work with data scientists, software developers and product teams to agree goals. AI engineers work for technology companies, start-ups, banks, retailers, healthcare and pharmaceutical firms, car makers, consultancies, universities and government research agencies. Large organisations may have separate research and product teams. In smaller firms, AI engineers often do a mix of data work, model building and software development. The work is computer-based, and hybrid and remote work is common. Pressure can be high when products depend on new AI features. ### What skills do you need? - Programming in Python - Machine learning and deep learning - Linear algebra, probability and statistics - Software engineering and testing - Data pipelines and cloud computing - Evaluating model quality and bias - Problem solving - Keeping up with fast-changing research ### How do you become an AI engineer? Most AI engineers have a bachelor's degree in computer science, mathematics, data science, physics or electrical engineering, and many also have a master's degree in machine learning or artificial intelligence. Research roles often require a PhD. You need strong programming and software engineering skills as well as the mathematics behind machine learning. A common path is to work first as a software developer or data scientist and then specialise. Projects that show you can train, evaluate and deploy a model, or build a useful AI application, carry a lot of weight with employers. - **University degree.** A bachelor's degree in computer science, mathematics, data science or engineering, followed by a master's degree in artificial intelligence or machine learning, is the most common route. Final-year projects, research assistant work and internships in AI teams help you stand out from other graduates. - **PhD and research.** A PhD in machine learning, computer vision, natural language processing or a related field leads to research scientist and advanced engineering roles in universities and industry labs. It usually takes three to six years, depending on the country, and published research strengthens your applications. - **Switching from software or data work.** Many AI engineers start as software developers, data engineers or data scientists. They learn machine learning through online courses, internal projects and open-source tools, then move into AI teams. Strong engineering skills are highly valued, because much AI work involves making models reliable in real products. ### Do you need a licence to work as an AI engineer? AI engineering is not a licensed profession, and no specific qualification is legally required. However, governments are introducing rules for AI systems. Some regions, including the European Union, now place duties on organisations that build or use AI in high-risk areas such as hiring, credit or healthcare. Data protection and copyright laws also affect how training data can be used. The rules are changing quickly and differ between countries. ### Job outlook Demand for AI skills has grown quickly as organisations try to use machine learning and generative AI in their products and operations. The field changes very fast, so tools and methods you learn today may be replaced within a few years. Some tasks, such as building simple AI applications, are becoming easier with ready-made models and services. Engineers who understand the fundamentals, evaluate systems carefully and deal with safety, cost and reliability are likely to stay in demand. ### Frequently asked questions **What is the difference between an AI engineer and a data scientist?** Data scientists focus on analysing data and building models to answer questions or support decisions. AI or machine learning engineers focus on turning models into reliable software that runs in real products at scale. The roles overlap, and in smaller organisations one person may do both. **Do you need a PhD to become an AI engineer?** No, most AI engineering jobs do not require a PhD. A bachelor's or master's degree in a relevant subject plus strong software skills is usually enough for product-focused roles. A PhD is often expected for research scientist jobs that develop new methods rather than apply existing ones. **How much maths do you need for machine learning?** You need a solid working knowledge of linear algebra, calculus, probability and statistics to understand how models learn and why they fail. Many engineering roles use ready-made libraries, so you rarely do the calculations by hand, but research roles require much deeper mathematics. **Can a software developer become an AI engineer?** Yes, this is one of the most common routes. Developers already have the programming and engineering skills that AI teams need. To switch, learn the maths and core machine learning methods, build projects that use real data, and look for chances to work on AI features in your current job. ## Cybersecurity specialist URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/cybersecurity-specialist/ ISCO-08: 2529 · SOC: 15-1212 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries Cybersecurity specialists protect computer systems, networks and data from attacks, theft and damage. They monitor for threats, investigate incidents, test defences and help organisations reduce risk. Many have a degree in computer science or cybersecurity, but people also enter from IT support, networking or the armed forces, often with professional certifications. They work for almost every type of organisation, from banks to hospitals and governments. ### What does a cybersecurity specialist do? - Monitor networks and systems for signs of attacks or unusual activity. - Investigate security incidents, limit the damage and help systems recover. - Find weaknesses through vulnerability scans and authorised penetration testing. - Install and manage security tools such as firewalls, encryption and access controls. - Write security policies and check that the organisation follows them. - Train staff to recognise risks such as phishing emails. - Keep up to date with new threats and advise managers on priorities. Cybersecurity specialists work for banks, technology companies, telecoms providers, hospitals, energy and transport companies, governments, the armed forces and security consultancies. Some work in security operations centres that monitor systems around the clock, which can mean shift work, nights and weekends. Others work in consultancy, audit or policy roles with more regular hours. Government and defence jobs often require security clearance, which may be open only to citizens. ### What skills do you need? - Networking and operating systems - Threat detection and incident response - Security tools and log analysis - Scripting, for example in Python - Risk assessment and security standards - Analytical and investigative thinking - Calm decision-making under pressure - Clear communication with non-technical staff ### How do you become a cybersecurity specialist? A degree in cybersecurity, computer science, networking or a related subject is a common starting point, and specialist master's degrees help graduates from other fields to switch. Many specialists first work in IT support, networking or system administration, where they learn how systems work before moving into security. Professional certifications are widely used in this field, from entry-level credentials to advanced ones that require several years of experience. Hands-on practice through home labs, capture-the-flag competitions and legal training platforms shows employers your skills. - **University degree.** A bachelor's degree in cybersecurity, computer science or computer networking gives you the technical foundation and access to graduate schemes. In some countries, national cybersecurity agencies recognise certain degree programmes, which can help with employers. A master's degree in cybersecurity is a common conversion route for graduates of other technical subjects. - **IT support, apprenticeship or vocational route.** Many people start in IT support or networking jobs and move into security after gaining experience and entry-level security certifications. Some countries, such as the UK, offer cybersecurity apprenticeships, and vocational colleges in countries such as Australia run practical cybersecurity courses. - **Armed forces or self-taught.** Military and government training produces many security specialists, and these skills transfer to civilian jobs. Self-taught learners can also enter by building skills through home labs, competitions and certifications, then starting in a junior security or IT role. Without a degree or relevant experience, expect a longer route. ### Do you need a licence to work as a cybersecurity specialist? Cybersecurity is not a licensed profession in most countries, so you do not need a licence to work in the field. However, many employers ask for recognised certifications, and some government and defence roles require specific certifications or security clearance. A few countries have introduced voluntary professional registration or chartered status for security practitioners. Penetration testing always needs the system owner's permission, because accessing systems without authorisation is a crime in most countries. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$129,180 (BLS OEWS, SOC 15-1212) ### Job outlook Cyber attacks affect organisations of every size, and laws in many countries now require stronger protection of data and critical services, so demand for security skills is broad and steady. Many employers report difficulty finding experienced staff, but entry-level roles can still be competitive because employers want practical experience. Both attackers and defenders now use AI, which changes the tools and skills needed. Continuous learning is essential because threats change constantly. ### Frequently asked questions **Can you get into cybersecurity without a degree?** Yes. Many security specialists started in IT support, networking or the armed forces and moved into security with certifications and experience. A degree helps with graduate schemes, some government jobs and work visas, but employers often care more about practical skills, certifications and evidence of hands-on work. **Which certifications are best for cybersecurity beginners?** Beginners usually start with a vendor-neutral, entry-level security certification that covers basic networking, threats and controls. Networking or cloud certifications are also useful. Advanced certifications, including those for security managers and penetration testers, usually require several years of experience. Check which certifications employers in your country ask for in job adverts. **Is cybersecurity a stressful job?** It can be. Incident response roles may involve long hours, night shifts and pressure while an attack is happening, and the threats never stop. Other roles, such as governance, risk and compliance, security architecture or training, are usually more predictable. Choosing the right specialism can make a big difference to your work-life balance. **Do you need to know how to code for cybersecurity?** Not for every role, but it helps. Scripting in languages such as Python or Bash is useful for automating tasks and analysing data. Deeper programming skills are needed for application security, malware analysis and penetration testing. Governance and compliance roles need less coding but still require a strong technical understanding. ## UX/UI designer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/ux-ui-designer/ ISCO-08: 2513 · SOC: 15-1255 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries UX/UI designers make websites, apps and digital services easy and pleasant to use. User experience (UX) design focuses on research, structure and how a product works, while user interface (UI) design focuses on layout, visuals and interaction. Designers come from design, psychology, computer science and many other backgrounds, and a strong portfolio usually matters more than the degree itself. ### What does a UX/UI designer do? - Research users through interviews, surveys and observation to understand their needs. - Map user journeys and organise the structure and content of apps and websites. - Create sketches, wireframes and interactive prototypes. - Design screens, icons, typography and visual styles that match the brand. - Test designs with real users and improve them based on the results. - Make sure products are accessible to people with disabilities. - Work closely with developers and product managers to build the final product. UX/UI designers work for technology companies, digital agencies, banks, retailers, media organisations, governments and consultancies. Many public services are now designed by in-house digital teams, which also hire designers. Freelancing is common, especially for UI and visual design. Most work is done at a computer, with frequent workshops, user testing sessions and meetings with developers. Remote and hybrid work is widespread, although some employers prefer designers to be in the office for collaboration. ### What skills do you need? - User research and usability testing - Wireframing and prototyping - Visual and interaction design - Accessibility standards - Design tools and design systems - Basic understanding of HTML and CSS - Empathy and listening skills - Presenting and explaining design decisions ### How do you become a UX/UI designer? There is no single required degree. Many UX/UI designers studied graphic or interaction design, psychology, human-computer interaction or computer science, and some come from unrelated fields such as architecture, journalism or teaching. What employers look for most is a portfolio of case studies. These should show how you researched a problem, designed a solution and tested it with users. Career changers often take a bootcamp or online course, then build experience through volunteer, freelance or internal projects. Interviews usually include a portfolio review and sometimes a design task. - **University degree.** Degrees in design, interaction design, human-computer interaction, psychology or computer science all lead into UX/UI work. Some universities offer specialist bachelor's or master's degrees in UX or service design. Choose a course that includes user research, prototyping and real projects, so that you finish with a portfolio. - **Moving from a related field.** Graphic designers, web developers, marketers, researchers and customer service staff often move into UX, because they already understand users or digital products. Adding user research and prototyping skills, and redesigning real products as portfolio projects, can help you start applying for junior roles. - **Bootcamp or self-taught.** Intensive courses and online learning can teach the main methods and tools in a few months. This route has become more competitive because many people have taken it. You need a portfolio based on real users and real problems, not only course exercises. ### Do you need a licence to work as a UX/UI designer? UX/UI design is not a regulated profession, so you do not need a licence or a specific qualification. However, designers often have to follow accessibility rules, which require many public-sector websites and apps to be usable by people with disabilities. These rules differ between countries and regions, but many refer to the international Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG). Laws on privacy and consumer protection also affect how interfaces are designed. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$104,000 (BLS OEWS, SOC 15-1255) ### Job outlook Digital products and online public services continue to need good design, and many organisations now see user experience as essential. However, the entry-level market has become crowded, and hiring slows when technology companies cut costs. AI tools can now produce layouts and visual variations quickly, which reduces routine UI work. Designers with strong research skills, knowledge of accessibility and a clear understanding of business goals are likely to remain in demand. ### Frequently asked questions **What is the difference between UX and UI design?** UX (user experience) design is about how a product works: understanding users, planning the structure and testing whether people can complete their tasks. UI (user interface) design is about how it looks and feels, including layouts, colours, typography and interactive elements. Many jobs combine both, especially in smaller teams. **Do you need to know how to code to be a UX designer?** No, coding is not usually required. However, a basic understanding of HTML, CSS and how developers build products helps you design things that can actually be built, and it makes working with developers easier. Some roles, often called UX engineers or design technologists, combine design with front-end coding. **Can I become a UX designer without a degree?** Yes. Many UX designers do not have a design degree, and employers mainly judge candidates by their portfolio and interview. A degree can still help with graduate schemes, some larger employers and work visas. Without one, focus on case studies that show real research and testing, not just attractive screens. **Is UX design a good career?** It can be a rewarding career if you enjoy solving problems for people and working with others. The field grew quickly and is now more competitive at entry level, so getting your first job can take time. Designers who build strong research skills and understand a sector, such as health, finance or government, often find better opportunities. ## Network engineer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/network-engineer/ ISCO-08: 2523 · SOC: 15-1241 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries Network engineers design, build and maintain the networks that connect computers, phones, servers and cloud services within and between organisations. They set up routers, switches, firewalls and wireless systems, and fix problems when connections fail. Many have a degree in computer science, networking or electrical engineering, but certifications and experience in IT support are also common routes into the job. ### What does a network engineer do? - Design local, wide-area and wireless networks that meet an organisation's needs. - Install and configure routers, switches, firewalls and other network equipment. - Monitor network performance and fix faults and slowdowns. - Set up and manage connections to cloud services and remote offices. - Apply security measures such as access controls, network segmentation and VPNs. - Plan upgrades and document network layouts and settings. - Support other IT staff and pass complex problems to equipment suppliers. Network engineers work for telecoms and internet providers, data centres, IT service companies, banks, hospitals, universities, governments and any large organisation with its own IT systems. Some roles involve travel to offices, customer sites or data centres to install equipment. Many changes are made outside business hours to avoid disrupting users, so evening, weekend or on-call work is common. Some tasks can be done remotely, but hardware work still requires being on site. ### What skills do you need? - Networking protocols such as TCP/IP - Routing, switching and wireless technologies - Network security and firewalls - Cloud networking - Troubleshooting and diagnostic tools - Scripting and network automation - Documentation and planning - Working calmly under pressure ### How do you become a network engineer? Many network engineers have a degree or diploma in computer science, computer networking, telecommunications or electrical engineering. Others start in IT support or help desk jobs and move into networking by learning on the job. Networking certifications, both from equipment makers and vendor-neutral bodies, are very important in this field, and many job adverts ask for them. Employers also look for hands-on experience, which you can build with home labs, network simulation software and internships. Career changers from technical trades or the armed forces often start in junior support or network technician roles. - **University degree.** A bachelor's degree in computer science, computer networking, telecommunications or electrical engineering teaches you how networks work. Programmes that include practical labs and preparation for industry certifications are especially useful when looking for a first job. Internships with IT or telecoms teams add valuable experience. - **Apprenticeship or vocational training.** Vocational colleges in many countries offer networking diplomas, and countries with apprenticeship systems, such as Germany, Switzerland and the UK, train IT and network technicians while they work. These routes usually start with technician roles and lead to engineering jobs with experience and further certifications. - **Certification and IT support route.** Many people start on a help desk, learn networking basics and take entry-level networking certifications. With experience, they move into network technician and then engineer roles. This route does not require a degree but takes time, and practical lab work is essential for certification exams and interviews. ### Do you need a licence to work as a network engineer? Network engineering is not a regulated profession in most countries, so you do not need a licence to do the job. In a few places, such as some Canadian provinces, the title "engineer" is protected and only licensed professional engineers may use it. Certifications are not a legal requirement, but employers often expect them. Some government and defence roles also require security clearance. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$134,050 (BLS OEWS, SOC 15-1241) ### Job outlook Every organisation depends on reliable networks, so network skills are needed across the economy. The job is changing as more systems move to the cloud and networks are managed through software and automation rather than by configuring each device by hand. Engineers who learn cloud networking, security and scripting are in a better position than those who only manage traditional equipment. Some routine monitoring and support work is being automated or outsourced to service providers. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need a degree to become a network engineer?** Not always. Many network engineers started in IT support and built their careers through certifications and experience. A degree in computer science, networking or electrical engineering helps with graduate schemes, larger employers and work visas, and some network architect or government roles may require one. **Are networking certifications worth it?** In networking, certifications carry more weight than in many other IT fields. They show employers that you understand specific equipment and technologies, and many job adverts list them. They work best alongside hands-on experience, because interviews often include practical troubleshooting questions. **What is the difference between a network engineer and a network administrator?** The titles overlap and vary between employers. Network administrators usually focus on the day-to-day running of an existing network, such as user access, monitoring and fixing faults. Network engineers usually do more design, planning and building of new networks or major upgrades. Many people move from administrator to engineer roles. **Is network engineering still a good career with the growth of cloud computing?** Yes, but the skills are changing. Cloud platforms still need network design, connections and security, and many organisations mix cloud services with their own equipment. Network engineers who learn cloud networking, automation and security are in a strong position, while jobs focused only on hardware may become fewer. ## Database administrator URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/database-administrator/ ISCO-08: 2521 · SOC: 15-1242 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries Database administrators, often called DBAs, set up, secure and maintain the databases that store an organisation's information, from customer records to financial transactions. They make sure data is available, fast, backed up and protected. Most have a degree in computer science or a related subject, and many move into the role from software development, IT support or data analysis. ### What does a database administrator do? - Install, configure and upgrade database software on servers or in the cloud. - Design database structures with developers and data teams. - Monitor performance and tune queries and settings so that systems run quickly. - Set up backups and test that data can be restored after a failure. - Control who can access data and apply security updates. - Plan for growth, data migrations and disaster recovery. - Solve urgent problems when a database fails or slows down. Database administrators work for banks, insurers, hospitals, telecoms companies, retailers, governments, universities and IT service providers, as well as software companies. Many work in IT operations or data teams, and some work for consultancies that manage databases for several clients. The work is computer-based and often remote or hybrid. Because databases must run all the time, on-call duty, night-time maintenance and weekend work during upgrades are common. ### What skills do you need? - SQL and relational databases - Database design and data modelling - Backup, recovery and high availability - Performance tuning - Data security and access control - Cloud database services - Scripting and automation - Attention to detail ### How do you become a database administrator? The usual starting point is a degree in computer science, information systems or a related subject, though some DBAs have degrees in mathematics, science or business. Few people become DBAs straight after education. Most first work as software developers, data analysts, system administrators or IT support staff, and gain database experience before specialising. Certifications for specific database products and cloud platforms are common, and employers often ask for them. Strong SQL is essential, and experience with backup, recovery and performance problems is highly valued. - **University degree.** A degree in computer science, information systems or software engineering covers databases, operating systems and networking. Some graduate schemes and IT service companies train new graduates as junior DBAs. A master's degree is rarely required, but it can help international students and people switching from another subject. - **Apprenticeship or vocational training.** Vocational diplomas and IT apprenticeships in countries such as Germany, Switzerland and the UK can lead to technical roles that include database work. From there, you can specialise as a DBA with experience and product certifications. This route suits people who prefer to learn while earning. - **Moving from a related IT role.** Many DBAs start as developers, analysts or system administrators who become the person their team relies on for database problems. Taking database certifications, learning cloud database services and volunteering for backup, migration and performance work can help you move into a full DBA role. ### Do you need a licence to work as a database administrator? Database administration is not a regulated profession, so you do not need a licence. However, DBAs handle sensitive information, so their work must follow data protection and privacy laws, which differ between countries and regions such as the European Union. Banks, healthcare providers and government bodies often have extra rules on data security, and some roles require background checks or security clearance. Product and cloud certifications are optional but widely used. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$104,620 (BLS OEWS, SOC 15-1242) ### Job outlook Organisations depend on data more than ever, so skills in managing it remain valuable. However, cloud providers now automate many traditional DBA tasks, such as installation, patching and backups, which reduces demand for purely routine administration. The role is shifting towards cloud databases, data engineering, security and automation. DBAs who build these skills often move into roles such as database reliability engineer, data engineer or cloud architect. ### Frequently asked questions **Is database administration a dying career?** No, but it is changing. Cloud services automate many routine tasks, so there are fewer purely administrative roles than in the past. Organisations still need experts who can design, secure, tune and recover databases, especially large or critical systems. DBAs who learn cloud platforms, automation and data engineering usually have good prospects. **What qualifications do you need to be a database administrator?** Most DBAs have a degree in computer science, information systems or a related subject, but experience matters more than the specific qualification. Employers often ask for strong SQL skills and certifications in the database products or cloud platforms they use. Few people start as DBAs; most move in from development, analysis or IT support. **What is the difference between a DBA and a data engineer?** A database administrator focuses on keeping databases secure, reliable and fast. A data engineer builds pipelines that move and transform data between systems, often for analysis and machine learning. The skills overlap, and many DBAs move into data engineering as organisations shift to cloud data platforms. **Which database skills should I learn first?** Start with SQL and the basics of relational database design, because they apply to almost every database product. Then learn backup and recovery, indexing, query performance and user permissions. After that, add one major database product, a cloud database service and some scripting to automate tasks. ## IT support technician URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/it-support-technician/ ISCO-08: 3512 · SOC: 15-1232 · Degree optional · No licence needed in most countries IT support technicians help people and organisations keep their computers, software, phones and networks working. They answer questions, fix faults, set up equipment and manage user accounts. A degree is not required, and many start through vocational courses, apprenticeships or entry-level certifications. It is one of the most common first jobs in IT and can lead to networking, security and systems administration. ### What does an IT support technician do? - Answer requests from users by phone, chat, email or in person. - Diagnose and fix problems with computers, printers, software and user accounts. - Set up new laptops, phones and other equipment for staff. - Install software updates and security patches. - Record requests in a ticket system and keep users informed. - Pass complex problems to specialist teams and follow them up. - Write simple guides that help users solve common problems themselves. IT support technicians work in schools, universities, hospitals, offices, factories, shops and government bodies, as well as for IT service companies that support many clients. Some work on a service desk handling calls and chats, while others visit desks and sites to fix equipment. Large service centres may support users in other countries and time zones, which can mean shift work. Remote support is common, but many jobs still include hands-on work with hardware. ### What skills do you need? - Computer hardware and operating systems - Basic networking - Troubleshooting and problem solving - User account and device management - Customer service and patience - Clear explanations for non-technical users - Organisation and time management - Awareness of cybersecurity basics ### How do you become an IT support technician? You do not need a degree to start in IT support. Many technicians begin with a vocational qualification, an apprenticeship or entry-level IT certifications. Some are hired with no formal IT qualifications if they show good technical and people skills. Experience from fixing computers for family, volunteering or part-time jobs helps. Employers look for problem solving, patience and clear communication as much as technical knowledge. After a few years, many technicians specialise in networking, cybersecurity, cloud or systems administration, often with further certifications or part-time study. - **Vocational training or apprenticeship.** Vocational colleges in most countries offer IT support and computer technician courses, which often last one or two years. In countries with apprenticeship systems, such as Germany, Switzerland, Australia and the UK, you can train in IT support while working and earning, and gain a recognised qualification. - **Certifications and entry-level jobs.** Entry-level certifications cover hardware, operating systems, networking and security basics, and employers widely recognise them. Combined with a home lab or volunteer experience, they can lead to help desk jobs. Many people from retail, hospitality or customer service switch to IT support this way, because their customer skills are valued. - **University degree.** A degree in computer science, information technology or a related subject is not required, but some graduates start in IT support to gain experience. A degree can make later moves into networking, security or management easier, and it may help with work visas in some countries. ### Do you need a licence to work as an IT support technician? IT support is not a regulated occupation, and you do not need a licence to do the job. Employers often ask for recognised certifications or vocational qualifications, and many organisations follow IT service management frameworks such as ITIL. Jobs in schools, hospitals, banks or government may require background checks, and some defence roles need security clearance. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$61,860 (BLS OEWS, SOC 15-1232) ### Job outlook Organisations of all sizes need people to keep their technology running, so IT support jobs exist almost everywhere. However, self-service tools, remote management and AI chatbots are taking over some simple requests, such as password resets, and some service desk work is outsourced to other countries. Technicians who keep learning and move into more specialist areas, such as cloud, networking or security, usually have better long-term prospects. ### Frequently asked questions **Can I get an IT support job with no experience?** Yes, many help desk roles are open to beginners. Employers look for basic technical knowledge, good communication and a willingness to learn. An entry-level certification, a vocational course, a home lab or experience fixing computers for others can help you stand out. Apprenticeships are another good way in if you have no experience. **Do you need a degree for IT support?** No. IT support is one of the most accessible jobs in technology, and most employers do not require a degree. Vocational qualifications, apprenticeships and certifications are the common routes. A degree can still help later if you want to move into management or specialist roles, or to work in another country. **What do first-line and second-line support mean?** Support teams are often divided into levels, called lines or tiers. First-line support handles common requests and simple faults. Second-line support deals with more complex technical problems passed on by the first line. Third-line support is usually specialist engineers or suppliers who handle the hardest problems. **What can an IT support job lead to?** IT support is a common starting point for many technology careers. With experience and further training, technicians often move into systems administration, network engineering, cybersecurity, cloud support or IT management. Some move into related roles such as IT trainer, business analyst or project coordinator. ## Civil engineer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/civil-engineer/ ISCO-08: 2142 · SOC: 17-2051 · Degree required · Partly regulated Civil engineers plan, design and oversee the building and upkeep of roads, bridges, railways, tunnels, water systems, dams and large buildings. Most need an accredited degree in civil engineering, followed by several years of supervised experience. They work for engineering consultancies, construction contractors, governments and utility companies, and divide their time between the office and construction sites. ### What does a civil engineer do? - Study sites, ground conditions, maps and survey data before a project starts. - Design structures and systems using calculations, software models and design codes. - Estimate costs, materials and time, and check that designs are practical to build. - Prepare drawings, specifications and reports for clients, contractors and planning authorities. - Supervise work on site to make sure it follows the design and meets safety standards. - Inspect existing bridges, roads and pipes and plan repairs or upgrades. - Assess risks such as flooding, erosion and pollution, and design ways to reduce them. Civil engineers work for engineering consultancies, construction contractors, national and local governments, transport authorities and water or energy companies. Consultants spend more time in the office on design, while contractors spend more time on site managing the work. Site roles can involve early starts, outdoor work in all weather and time away from home on large projects. Many engineers work on international projects, especially in regions that are building a lot of new infrastructure. ### What skills do you need? - Structural analysis and design - Mathematics and physics - Computer-aided design (CAD) and building information modelling (BIM) - Knowledge of design codes and building standards - Project and cost management - Health and safety awareness - Technical report writing - Communication with non-engineers ### How do you become a civil engineer? The usual route is a bachelor's or master's degree in civil engineering, ideally one accredited by a professional engineering body. In many countries the degree takes four years, while in much of Europe students often take a three-year bachelor's followed by a two-year master's. Internships and summer placements with contractors or consultancies help you get a first job. After graduating, you build supervised experience, often in a structured training scheme, and can then apply for professional registration. Graduates in related subjects such as physics or geology can enter through a master's in civil engineering, and technicians can sometimes study part-time while they work. - **University degree.** An accredited degree in civil engineering is the standard route. It covers structures, materials, soil mechanics, water, transport and design, and often includes a group design project. Accredited degrees make later registration easier. Countries that have signed the Washington Accord recognise one another's accredited degrees as broadly equivalent, although you still register in the country where you work. - **Apprenticeship or technician route.** In some countries, such as the UK and Germany, you can start through an apprenticeship or a work-and-study programme with an engineering employer. You earn while you learn, and some programmes lead to a full engineering degree. Technicians can later move up to engineer roles, although this usually takes longer than the full-time university route. - **Conversion master's.** Graduates in physics, mathematics, geology or another engineering field can take a master's degree in civil or structural engineering. Some of these programmes are accredited, which helps with later registration. This route suits career changers who already have a strong background in mathematics and science. ### Do you need a licence to work as a civil engineer? In many countries you can work as a civil engineer under supervision without a licence, but signing off designs and using certain titles are regulated. In the United States, you need a Professional Engineer (PE) licence from a state board to take legal responsibility for designs offered to the public. In the UK, Chartered Engineer status is not a legal requirement but is widely expected for senior roles. In Canada, provincial regulators license engineers and protect the title "engineer". Check with the engineering regulator in your country. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$100,840 (BLS OEWS, SOC 17-2051) ### Job outlook Demand comes from ageing infrastructure that needs repair, growing cities, and the need to adapt roads, drains and coastlines to climate change. Large public projects depend on government budgets, so hiring can slow when spending is cut or construction activity falls. Digital tools such as building information modelling are changing how design work is done. Engineers who combine technical skills with project management and sustainability knowledge are likely to stay in demand. ### Frequently asked questions **How long does it take to become a civil engineer?** A civil engineering degree usually takes three to five years, depending on the country and whether it includes a master's. Most graduates then spend several more years gaining supervised experience before they can become licensed or chartered. You work as an engineer during this time, but full professional status often takes seven years or more from the start of university. **What is the difference between a civil engineer and a structural engineer?** Structural engineering is a specialism within civil engineering. Structural engineers focus on the strength and stability of buildings, bridges and other structures. Civil engineers cover a wider range of work, including roads, water supply, drainage, ground conditions and transport. In a few US states, structural engineers need an extra licence to design certain large or important buildings. **Do civil engineers work in an office or on site?** Both. Design engineers in consultancies spend most of their time in the office working on calculations and software models, with occasional site visits. Engineers who work for contractors are often based on site, managing daily construction work. Many people try both early in their career before choosing a direction. Site work can mean long days, outdoor conditions and working away from home. **Can I work abroad as a civil engineer?** Yes, but it takes planning. Engineering principles are the same everywhere, but design codes, standards and licensing rules differ between countries. If your degree is accredited in a Washington Accord country, other member countries usually accept it as comparable. You will still need to meet local registration rules, and you may need to learn new design codes before you can sign off work. ## Mechanical engineer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/mechanical-engineer/ ISCO-08: 2144 · SOC: 17-2141 · Degree required · Partly regulated Mechanical engineers design, test and improve machines and systems that involve movement, force, heat or energy, from car engines and wind turbines to medical devices and air conditioning. Most have a degree in mechanical engineering. They work in manufacturing, energy, transport, construction and research, and divide their time between offices, laboratories, test facilities and factories. ### What does a mechanical engineer do? - Design parts, products and machines using computer-aided design (CAD) software. - Analyse stresses, heat flow and fluid movement with calculations and computer simulations. - Build and test prototypes, then improve designs based on the results. - Choose materials and manufacturing methods that balance cost, safety and performance. - Solve problems with equipment in factories, power plants and buildings. - Write technical reports, specifications and instructions for other teams. - Check that products meet safety standards and regulations. Mechanical engineers work in almost every industry that makes or runs physical things, including vehicles, aircraft, energy, machinery, consumer products, medical devices, building services and defence. Most divide their time between an office, where they design and analyse, and workshops, test facilities or factory floors. Some roles involve travel to customer sites, power plants or offshore installations. Working hours are usually regular, but deadlines and equipment failures can lead to extra hours. ### What skills do you need? - Mechanics, thermodynamics and fluid mechanics - CAD and simulation software - Mathematics and physics - Materials and manufacturing processes - Testing and data analysis - Practical problem solving - Project management - Technical communication ### How do you become a mechanical engineer? Most mechanical engineers have a bachelor's or master's degree in mechanical engineering, or in a closely related subject such as aerospace or manufacturing engineering. In many countries the degree takes four years, and a bachelor's followed by a master's is common in much of Europe. Practical experience matters: internships, student racing or robotics teams and final-year projects help you stand out. After graduating, many engineers join a graduate scheme and build supervised experience towards chartered or licensed status. Physics graduates and technicians with vocational qualifications can also move into mechanical engineering, usually through further study. - **University degree.** An accredited degree in mechanical engineering covers mechanics, thermodynamics, materials, design and control. Many programmes include laboratory work, group projects and a year or summer in industry. An accredited degree is the most direct way to later professional registration, and countries that have signed the Washington Accord recognise one another's accredited degrees as broadly comparable. - **Apprenticeship or technician route.** In countries with strong vocational systems, such as Germany, Switzerland and the UK, you can train as a mechanical or manufacturing technician while you work. Some employers then support you through a part-time degree or a degree apprenticeship. This route takes longer to reach engineer level, but it gives you strong practical skills and lets you earn while you learn. - **Related degree and master's.** Graduates in physics, mathematics or another engineering field can move into mechanical roles, especially in analysis or testing. A master's degree in mechanical engineering helps fill gaps in design and manufacturing knowledge and can support later professional registration. Employers usually expect you to show practical design or laboratory experience as well. ### Do you need a licence to work as a mechanical engineer? Most mechanical engineers can work without a licence, especially inside manufacturing companies. Regulation usually applies to titles and to signing off certain work. In the United States, engineers who design building systems such as heating and ventilation, or who offer services directly to the public, often need a Professional Engineer (PE) licence. In the UK, Chartered Engineer status is voluntary but valued by employers. In Canada, the title "engineer" is protected. Check the rules with the engineering regulator in your country. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$104,110 (BLS OEWS, SOC 17-2141) ### Job outlook Mechanical engineering skills are used across many industries, which gives the career some stability. Demand is growing in areas such as renewable energy, electric vehicles, robotics, heating and cooling for low-carbon buildings, and medical devices. Some traditional manufacturing work moves between countries, and automation is changing what factory-based engineers do. Engineers who add skills in software, electronics, data or sustainability tend to have more options. ### Frequently asked questions **What can you do with a mechanical engineering degree?** You can work as a design, manufacturing, test or maintenance engineer in industries such as automotive, aerospace, energy, construction and healthcare. The degree also leads into related careers such as aerospace, biomedical or chemical engineering. Because it builds strong mathematics and problem-solving skills, many graduates also move into project management, consulting, data analysis or finance. **Is mechanical engineering hard to study?** It is demanding. You need to be comfortable with mathematics and physics, and the workload includes lectures, laboratory work, design projects and exams. Many students find the first two years the hardest because of the amount of theory. If you enjoy understanding how things work and solving practical problems, the effort usually feels worthwhile. **What is the difference between mechanical and electrical engineering?** Mechanical engineers deal with physical systems: forces, motion, heat, fluids and materials. Electrical engineers deal with electricity, electronics, power and signals. The two fields overlap in areas such as robotics, electric vehicles and control systems, where engineers from both backgrounds work together. Degrees in mechatronics combine elements of both. **Do mechanical engineers need a licence?** Usually not for most jobs, especially in manufacturing, research or product design. A licence or chartered status becomes important if you sign off designs for buildings or public projects, work as an independent consultant, or want some senior roles. In the United States this is the Professional Engineer (PE) licence, in the UK it is Chartered Engineer status, and other countries have their own systems. ## Electrical engineer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/electrical-engineer/ ISCO-08: 2151 · SOC: 17-2071 · Degree required · Partly regulated Electrical engineers design, develop and maintain systems that generate, transmit and use electricity, from power grids and electric motors to circuits, sensors and communication equipment. Most have a degree in electrical or electronic engineering. They work for energy companies, manufacturers, technology firms, transport operators, engineering consultancies and governments. ### What does an electrical engineer do? - Design electrical systems, circuits and components using calculations and specialist software. - Plan power supplies and wiring systems for buildings, factories and infrastructure. - Test equipment and prototypes, measure performance and find the causes of faults. - Write specifications and check that installations meet safety codes and standards. - Work with mechanical, software and civil engineers on shared projects. - Oversee the installation, commissioning and maintenance of electrical equipment. - Improve energy efficiency and connect renewable sources such as solar and wind power to the grid. Electrical engineers work for power generation and grid companies, electronics and equipment makers, telecommunications firms, rail and transport operators, building services consultancies and public bodies. Design roles are mostly office-based, while commissioning and maintenance roles involve time at power stations, substations, factories or construction sites. Some jobs include on-call duty to deal with power failures. Safety rules are strict because of the risks of working with high voltages. ### What skills do you need? - Circuit theory and electronics - Power systems and electrical machines - Mathematics and physics - Electrical design and simulation software - Programming and control systems - Knowledge of electrical safety standards - Fault finding and testing - Clear technical communication ### How do you become an electrical engineer? Most electrical engineers have a bachelor's or master's degree in electrical, electronic, or electrical and electronic engineering. In many countries the degree takes four years, while in much of Europe a three-year bachelor's is often followed by a master's. Internships with utilities, manufacturers or consultancies give valuable experience. After graduating, many join a structured training programme and work towards chartered or licensed status. Physics and computer science graduates can move into some electronics roles, and electrical technicians can progress through part-time study or degree apprenticeships. - **University degree.** An accredited degree in electrical or electronic engineering covers circuits, electromagnetism, power systems, signal processing, control and programming. Laboratory work and design projects are a major part of the course. Accredited degrees support later professional registration, and countries that have signed the Washington Accord recognise one another's accredited degrees as broadly comparable. - **Apprenticeship or technician route.** In many countries you can train as an electrical technician through an apprenticeship or a vocational college, then study part-time for a degree. Some employers in the UK, Germany and elsewhere offer degree apprenticeships or work-and-study programmes. This route builds strong practical skills, but moving from technician to engineer usually takes several years. - **Related degree.** Physics, computer science and mechatronics graduates can enter electronics, embedded systems or control roles, especially if they have hands-on project experience. A master's in electrical engineering can fill gaps in power or circuit design. Some power and building services employers prefer an accredited electrical engineering degree because of licensing requirements. ### Do you need a licence to work as an electrical engineer? Many electrical engineers work without a licence, especially in electronics and manufacturing. Licensing matters most for power and building services work, where designs affect public safety. In the United States, a state Professional Engineer (PE) licence is needed to sign and seal electrical designs for public projects and many buildings. In the UK, Chartered Engineer status is voluntary but often expected for senior roles. In Canada, the title "engineer" is protected. Electricians are a separate trade and are licensed in many countries. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$120,630 (BLS OEWS, SOC 17-2071) ### Job outlook Demand is strong in areas linked to the energy transition: renewable power, grid upgrades, energy storage, electric vehicles and charging networks. Electronics, automation and semiconductor manufacturing also need electrical engineers. Some electronics design work is concentrated in a few countries, and hiring in consumer electronics can rise and fall quickly. Engineers who understand both hardware and software, or both power systems and digital control, are likely to have the widest choice of jobs. ### Frequently asked questions **What is the difference between an electrical engineer and an electrician?** Electrical engineers design and plan electrical systems, usually after a university degree. Electricians install, maintain and repair wiring and equipment, usually after an apprenticeship or vocational training, and they are licensed in many countries. The two work closely together: the engineer designs the system, and the electrician builds and maintains it safely. **Is electrical engineering harder than mechanical engineering?** Many students find electrical engineering more abstract, because you cannot see current or electromagnetic fields and the subject uses a lot of mathematics. Mechanical engineering is often easier to picture but has its own difficult topics, such as thermodynamics and fluid mechanics. Which one is harder depends on your strengths. Both need strong mathematics and physics. **Can electrical engineers work in software?** Yes. Many electrical engineers work on embedded software, control systems, signal processing and chip design, which combine hardware and code. Some move fully into software development. An electrical engineering degree usually includes programming, and adding projects in languages such as C or Python makes this move easier. **What jobs can you get with an electrical engineering degree?** Common jobs include power engineer, electronics design engineer, control and automation engineer, telecommunications engineer, building services engineer and test engineer. Graduates also work as network engineers, software developers, patent examiners and technical consultants. The degree's mix of mathematics, physics and programming is valued in many other sectors, including finance and data analysis. ## Chemical engineer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/chemical-engineer/ ISCO-08: 2145 · SOC: 17-2041 · Degree required · Partly regulated Chemical engineers design and run the processes that turn raw materials into useful products such as fuels, medicines, plastics, food, fertilisers and clean water. They use chemistry, physics, biology and mathematics to make these processes safe, efficient and less polluting. Most have a degree in chemical engineering and work in production plants, energy companies, pharmaceutical firms and engineering consultancies. ### What does a chemical engineer do? - Design processes and equipment that make products on a large scale. - Scale up laboratory methods to pilot plants and then to full production. - Monitor plant operations and adjust conditions to improve output, quality and energy use. - Carry out safety studies to identify hazards and prevent accidents. - Reduce waste, emissions and water use in production. - Solve problems when equipment or processes do not work as planned. - Prepare cost estimates, technical reports and operating procedures. Chemical engineers work in oil and gas, petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, food and drink, water treatment, mining and minerals, and materials, as well as newer areas such as batteries and hydrogen. Some are based at production sites, sometimes in remote locations, and may work shifts or be on call. Others work in offices at engineering consultancies or in research centres. Safety rules are strict because plants handle hazardous substances at high pressures and temperatures. ### What skills do you need? - Chemistry and thermodynamics - Mass and energy balances - Process design and simulation software - Process safety and risk assessment - Mathematics and data analysis - Problem solving under pressure - Teamwork with plant operators and other engineers - Commercial and cost awareness ### How do you become a chemical engineer? Most chemical engineers have a bachelor's or master's degree in chemical engineering, which is sometimes called process engineering. The degree usually lasts four years, or three to five years in some European systems. Internships and industrial placements are very valuable, because employers want graduates who understand how real plants work. After graduating, many join graduate schemes at manufacturers or consultancies and work towards chartered or licensed status. Chemistry graduates can move into process roles through a master's in chemical engineering or on-the-job training, although some employers prefer an engineering degree. - **University degree.** An accredited chemical engineering degree covers thermodynamics, fluid flow, heat and mass transfer, reaction engineering, process control and plant design, and usually ends with a large design project. Accreditation by a professional body helps with later registration, and countries that have signed the Washington Accord recognise one another's accredited degrees as broadly comparable. - **Chemistry or related degree.** Chemistry, physics and biochemistry graduates can move into process development or plant roles, often starting in laboratory or technical support jobs. A master's degree in chemical or process engineering helps you gain the design skills that engineering employers expect. This route is common in pharmaceutical and specialty chemical companies. - **Technician or operator route.** Some people start as process technicians or plant operators after vocational training or an apprenticeship, then study part-time for a degree. This route is slower, but it gives you deep practical knowledge of how plants run. Whether it is available depends on the country and the employer. ### Do you need a licence to work as a chemical engineer? Most chemical engineers work without a licence, because much of their work is inside manufacturing companies. However, titles and signing off certain designs are regulated in some countries. In the United States, a Professional Engineer (PE) licence is needed mainly for consulting and public work. In the UK, Chartered Engineer status through a professional body is voluntary but valued. In Canada, only licensed engineers may use the title "engineer". Strict process safety laws also apply to the plants where chemical engineers work. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$125,040 (BLS OEWS, SOC 17-2041) ### Job outlook Chemical engineers are needed wherever materials are processed, which spreads demand across many industries. Growth areas include clean energy, hydrogen, batteries, carbon capture, recycling, pharmaceuticals and water treatment. Jobs in oil, gas and petrochemicals can rise and fall with energy prices and climate policy. Automation and digital plant monitoring are changing operations roles, so engineers with data and process control skills are likely to be in demand. ### Frequently asked questions **What is the difference between a chemist and a chemical engineer?** Chemists study substances and reactions, usually in laboratories and on a small scale. Chemical engineers take those reactions and design processes to run them safely and economically on an industrial scale. Chemists ask what happens and why. Chemical engineers ask how to make it work in a plant, at the right cost and with as little waste as possible. **Do chemical engineers only work in oil and gas?** No. Oil and gas has traditionally been a large employer, but chemical engineers also work in pharmaceuticals, food and drink, water treatment, cosmetics, mining, semiconductors, batteries, hydrogen and recycling. Many graduates also move into consulting, finance or environmental roles. Skills in process design and safety transfer well between industries. **Is chemical engineering a hard degree?** It is usually seen as one of the more demanding engineering degrees. It uses a lot of mathematics, physics and chemistry, and topics such as thermodynamics and transport processes can be difficult. The final-year design project involves a heavy workload. Students who enjoy both science and practical problem solving usually find it rewarding. **Can a chemical engineer work in the food or pharmaceutical industry?** Yes. Food and pharmaceutical companies need chemical engineers to design and run production lines, scale up new products, control quality and meet strict hygiene and safety rules. In these industries you often work alongside food scientists, chemists and microbiologists. Knowledge of good manufacturing practice (GMP) is especially useful for pharmaceutical roles. ## Aerospace engineer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/aerospace-engineer/ ISCO-08: 2144 · SOC: 17-2011 · Degree required · Partly regulated Aerospace engineers design, build and test aircraft, spacecraft, satellites, drones, and their engines and systems. Most have a degree in aerospace, aeronautical or mechanical engineering. They work for aircraft and engine manufacturers and their suppliers, space companies and agencies, defence organisations, airlines and research centres, usually in large teams on long projects. ### What does an aerospace engineer do? - Design aircraft, spacecraft or components using computer-aided design and simulation tools. - Analyse aerodynamics, structures, propulsion or flight control with calculations and models. - Plan and run tests in wind tunnels, laboratories and flight trials. - Investigate failures and propose design changes to improve safety and performance. - Prepare technical documents that show designs meet aviation safety rules. - Work with suppliers and manufacturing teams to build parts to strict standards. - Support aircraft in service by solving technical problems reported by operators. Aerospace engineers work for aircraft and engine manufacturers, component suppliers, space agencies and companies, defence firms, airlines, maintenance organisations and research centres. Jobs are concentrated in regions with an aerospace industry, so you may need to move. Most work is office-based, with time in test facilities, hangars or factories. Projects are long and highly regulated. Many defence and space roles require security clearance, which may be open only to citizens of that country. ### What skills do you need? - Aerodynamics and fluid mechanics - Structures and materials - Propulsion and thermodynamics - CAD and simulation software - Mathematics and programming - Systems engineering - Attention to detail and safety awareness - Teamwork across disciplines ### How do you become an aerospace engineer? The usual route is a degree in aerospace, aeronautical or mechanical engineering. Some employers also recruit graduates in physics, mathematics and electrical engineering, especially for avionics, control and space systems roles. A master's degree is common, particularly in Europe and for specialist areas such as propulsion or spacecraft design. Internships, student projects such as rocket, drone or aircraft design competitions, and good results all help in a competitive field. Graduate schemes at large manufacturers are a common first step, and experienced mechanical or electrical engineers can move across from other industries. - **Aerospace engineering degree.** A degree in aerospace or aeronautical engineering covers aerodynamics, structures, propulsion, flight mechanics and control, with design projects and laboratory work. Accredited programmes support later professional registration. Places on these courses can be competitive, and specialist master's programmes are available in areas such as space systems and propulsion. - **Mechanical or related engineering degree.** Many aerospace engineers studied mechanical, electrical or materials engineering and specialised later. This route keeps more career options open if the aerospace industry slows down. A master's in aerospace engineering, or a first job with an aerospace supplier, can help you move into the field. - **Apprenticeship or technician route.** In countries with a large aerospace industry, such as France, Germany, the UK and the United States, manufacturers offer apprenticeships in aerospace engineering or manufacturing. Some lead to a degree while you work. Aircraft maintenance engineers follow a separate route and need a licence from their national aviation authority. ### Do you need a licence to work as an aerospace engineer? Most aerospace engineers do not need a personal licence. Instead, aviation authorities certify aircraft designs and approve the organisations that design, make and maintain aircraft. Examples are the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) in the United States and the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). Engineers work within these approved systems. Professional status, such as Chartered Engineer in the UK or a PE licence in the United States, is voluntary for most roles but can help with senior positions. Aircraft maintenance engineers need their own licence. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$134,960 (BLS OEWS, SOC 17-2011) ### Job outlook Demand depends on air travel, defence spending and the space sector. Airlines replacing older aircraft with more fuel-efficient models, and growth in satellites and drones, create work. Research into lower-emission flight, including electric, hybrid and hydrogen aircraft and sustainable fuels, is growing. The industry is cyclical, as shown when air travel fell sharply during the COVID-19 pandemic. Jobs are concentrated in a few regions, and defence roles often have nationality restrictions. ### Frequently asked questions **What is the difference between aerospace and aeronautical engineering?** Aeronautical engineering deals with aircraft that fly within the Earth's atmosphere. Astronautical engineering deals with spacecraft and satellites. Aerospace engineering covers both. In practice, universities and employers often use the terms loosely, and the core subjects, such as aerodynamics, structures and propulsion, are very similar. **Can a mechanical engineer work in aerospace?** Yes. Many aerospace engineers have mechanical engineering degrees, and employers often recruit them for structures, thermal, manufacturing and testing roles. You may need to learn aviation standards and specialist software on the job. A master's in aerospace engineering, or a university project related to aircraft or spacecraft, can make your application stronger. **Do aerospace engineers need to be good at maths?** Yes. The degree and the job use a lot of mathematics, especially calculus, differential equations and statistics, to model airflow, structures and flight. Software does much of the calculation, but you need to understand the mathematics to set up models correctly and to check whether the results make sense. **Can international graduates work in aerospace engineering abroad?** It is possible, especially in civil aviation and commercial space work. However, many defence jobs and some space jobs require security clearance or citizenship, which rules out many foreign graduates. Export control rules can also limit who may work on certain technology. Check the rules in your target country, and look at civil aircraft manufacturers, suppliers and research centres. ## Biomedical engineer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/biomedical-engineer/ ISCO-08: 2149 · SOC: 17-2031 · Degree required · Partly regulated Biomedical engineers use engineering to improve healthcare. They design and test medical devices, implants, artificial limbs, imaging equipment and diagnostic tools, and help hospitals use medical technology safely. Most have a degree in biomedical, mechanical or electrical engineering, often with a master's, and work for medical device companies, hospitals, research institutes or regulators. ### What does a biomedical engineer do? - Design and develop medical devices, implants, artificial limbs or diagnostic equipment. - Test devices in laboratories to check that they are safe, reliable and effective. - Work with doctors, nurses and patients to understand clinical needs. - Prepare technical files and evidence for medical device regulators. - Manage, maintain and safety-check medical equipment in hospitals. - Research new materials, sensors or software for healthcare. - Train clinical staff to use equipment correctly. Biomedical engineers work for medical device and equipment manufacturers, hospitals and health services, universities and research institutes, and government regulators. Industry roles are mostly in offices, laboratories and production sites. Clinical engineers in hospitals also spend time on wards and in operating theatres, managing equipment and advising staff. Jobs tend to be concentrated in cities with medical technology companies or large hospitals. Hours are usually regular, although hospital roles may include on-call duty. ### What skills do you need? - Engineering design and analysis - Human anatomy and physiology - Biomaterials and biomechanics - Electronics, sensors and signal processing - Medical device regulations and quality systems - Programming and data analysis - Careful documentation - Communication with clinical staff ### How do you become a biomedical engineer? Most biomedical engineers study biomedical engineering, or study mechanical or electrical engineering and then specialise. Where biomedical engineering is offered as a first degree, it often takes four years. A master's degree is common, and research roles often need a PhD. Internships with device companies or hospital engineering departments give useful experience. Some countries have formal training schemes for hospital work. In the UK, for example, clinical engineers can train through the NHS Scientist Training Programme and register as clinical scientists. Graduates in physics or biomedical science can enter the field through a relevant master's. - **Biomedical engineering degree.** A biomedical engineering degree combines engineering subjects such as mechanics, electronics and materials with biology, physiology and medical applications. It is the most direct route into medical device design and research. Check whether the programme is accredited by a professional engineering body, because this matters for later professional registration. - **Mechanical or electrical engineering, then specialise.** Many employers hire mechanical and electrical engineers and train them in medical applications. This route gives you broad engineering skills and more options outside healthcare. A master's in biomedical engineering, a final-year project on a medical device or an internship with a device company can help you move into the field. - **Science degree and master's.** Graduates in physics, biomedical science or a related science can take a master's in biomedical or clinical engineering. This route suits people who want to work in research, medical imaging or hospital engineering. Some design roles still prefer candidates whose first degree is in engineering. ### Do you need a licence to work as a biomedical engineer? You usually do not need a personal licence to work as a biomedical engineer. However, the devices you work on are strictly regulated, for example by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States and under EU medical device rules in Europe. Some hospital roles are regulated: in the UK, clinical scientists must register with the Health and Care Professions Council. Chartered or licensed engineer status is voluntary for most roles. Check the rules in your country. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$109,370 (BLS OEWS, SOC 17-2031) ### Job outlook Ageing populations, more people living with long-term illness and growing health spending in many countries support long-term demand for medical technology. Growth areas include wearable devices, robotic surgery, medical imaging, digital health and personalised implants. The field is small compared with mechanical or electrical engineering, and entry-level jobs can be competitive. Because regulation is strict, skills in quality systems and regulatory affairs are valued as much as design skills. ### Frequently asked questions **Is biomedical engineering a good career?** It can be rewarding because your work directly improves patient care. Demand for medical technology is steady, but the field is smaller than mainstream engineering, so graduate jobs can be competitive. Many employers prefer a master's degree or strong practical experience. A solid base in mechanical, electrical or software engineering keeps more options open. **What is the difference between biomedical engineering and biomedical science?** Biomedical engineering applies engineering to design devices and technology for healthcare. Biomedical science studies human biology and disease, usually in laboratories, and leads to careers such as biomedical scientist in hospital laboratories. Engineers build tools, while biomedical scientists test samples and study how the body works. The two fields often work together in research. **Do biomedical engineers work in hospitals?** Some do. Clinical engineers in hospitals manage medical equipment, check that it is safe, advise on buying new devices and sometimes support patients who use specialist technology. Most biomedical engineers, however, work for companies that design and make medical devices, or in university and research laboratories. **Should I study biomedical engineering or mechanical engineering?** Biomedical engineering is a good choice if you are sure you want to work in healthcare technology. Mechanical or electrical engineering gives you a broader base and more job options, and you can still specialise in medical devices later through a master's or your first job. Compare course content and accreditation before you decide. ## Environmental engineer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/environmental-engineer/ ISCO-08: 2143 · SOC: 17-2081 · Degree required · Partly regulated Environmental engineers design systems that protect people and nature from pollution, such as drinking water and wastewater treatment, air pollution control, waste and recycling facilities, and the clean-up of contaminated land. Most have a degree in environmental, civil or chemical engineering. They work for engineering consultancies, water and waste companies, industry and government agencies, and many also help communities adapt to climate change. ### What does an environmental engineer do? - Design water supply, wastewater treatment and drainage systems. - Plan ways to clean up contaminated land and groundwater. - Measure and model pollution in air, water and soil. - Help industrial sites reduce emissions and waste so that they meet environmental laws. - Prepare environmental assessments and permit applications for new projects. - Design waste management and recycling facilities. - Advise clients on climate risks such as flooding and water shortages. Environmental engineers work for engineering consultancies, water and waste companies, manufacturing and energy firms, environmental regulators and local governments. Some work for international development organisations on water and sanitation projects. The work mixes office-based design and reporting with visits to treatment plants, factories, landfill sites or contaminated land. Fieldwork can involve protective equipment and outdoor conditions. Hours are usually regular, although emergencies such as floods or pollution incidents can change this. ### What skills do you need? - Water and wastewater engineering - Environmental chemistry and biology - Hydraulics and hydrology - Knowledge of environmental law and permits - Modelling and data analysis - Geographic information systems (GIS) - Report writing - Project management ### How do you become an environmental engineer? Most environmental engineers have a degree in environmental, civil or chemical engineering. Some universities offer environmental engineering as a first degree, while in other countries you specialise through options within civil or chemical engineering or through a master's. Accredited degrees make professional registration easier later. Internships with consultancies, water companies or regulators are valuable. Environmental science graduates can move into engineering-related roles through a master's in environmental engineering, but some design and signing-off work is limited to qualified engineers. - **Engineering degree.** An accredited degree in environmental, civil or chemical engineering covers fluid mechanics, water treatment, environmental chemistry, soil mechanics and design. Civil engineering is the most common starting point for water and drainage roles, while chemical engineering suits treatment processes and industrial pollution control. Accreditation helps with later professional registration. - **Science degree and master's.** Graduates in environmental science, chemistry, geology or geography can take a master's in environmental engineering or water management. This route leads into consultancy, regulation and monitoring roles. For design roles and professional registration, employers may still prefer an accredited engineering degree. - **Technician or apprenticeship route.** In some countries you can start as a water or environmental technician through vocational training or an apprenticeship with a water company or consultancy. With experience and part-time study, technicians can move into engineering roles. This route is slower, but it gives you strong practical knowledge of treatment plants and monitoring systems. ### Do you need a licence to work as an environmental engineer? Working as an environmental engineer is usually open, but signing off designs and using certain titles are regulated in many countries. In the United States, a state Professional Engineer (PE) licence is needed to seal designs such as public water and wastewater systems. In the UK, Chartered Engineer or Chartered Environmentalist status is voluntary but valued. In Canada, only licensed engineers may use the title "engineer". Environmental permits for projects are a separate legal requirement. Check with the regulator in your country. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$107,110 (BLS OEWS, SOC 17-2081) ### Job outlook Demand is driven by stricter environmental rules, climate change, water shortages, ageing water networks and the need to clean up polluted sites. Growth areas include flood management, water reuse, cutting carbon emissions from industry and recycling. Much of the work depends on government regulation and public spending, so policy changes can affect hiring. Engineers who combine design skills with knowledge of regulations and data are likely to stay in demand. ### Frequently asked questions **What is the difference between an environmental engineer and an environmental scientist?** Environmental scientists study natural systems and measure pollution, often through fieldwork and laboratory analysis. Environmental engineers use that knowledge to design solutions, such as treatment plants, drainage systems or clean-up methods. The two often work in the same teams. Engineers usually need an engineering degree, while scientists come from subjects such as environmental science, biology, chemistry or geology. **Is environmental engineering a good career?** It can be a good choice if you want to use engineering to protect health and nature. The work is needed everywhere, from water supply in growing cities to pollution control in industry. Many jobs depend on regulation and public investment, so demand can vary between countries and over time. Strong civil or chemical engineering skills keep your options open. **Can I become an environmental engineer with a civil engineering degree?** Yes. Civil engineering is one of the most common routes, especially for water supply, wastewater, drainage and flood management. Choose modules in water, ground engineering and environmental engineering if you can. A master's, or a graduate job with a water company or environmental consultancy, can help you specialise. **Do environmental engineers work outdoors?** Some of the time. Most design and reporting work happens in an office, but many roles include site visits to treatment works, factories, landfill sites, rivers or contaminated land. Early-career engineers often do more fieldwork, such as sampling and site inspections. The amount of outdoor work depends on the employer and the type of project. ## Architect URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/architect/ ISCO-08: 2161 · SOC: 17-1011 · Degree required · Licensed profession in most countries Architects design buildings and the spaces around them, balancing appearance, function, safety, cost and environmental impact. In most countries, becoming an architect means completing an accredited architecture degree, gaining supervised practical experience and meeting registration or licensing requirements. Most architects work in private practices, while others work for construction firms, developers or public bodies. ### What does an architect do? - Meet clients to understand their needs, budget and site. - Develop design ideas through sketches, models and computer drawings. - Prepare detailed drawings and specifications for planning approval and construction. - Make sure designs meet building regulations, planning rules, accessibility and fire safety requirements. - Work with engineers, surveyors and contractors to coordinate the design. - Visit sites to check that construction follows the design and to solve problems. - Advise on sustainable materials, energy efficiency and the care of historic buildings. Most architects work in private practices, from small studios to large international firms. Others work for construction companies, property developers, local governments and housing organisations, and some are self-employed. The work is mainly office-based, with regular site visits and client meetings. Deadlines for design competitions and planning applications can lead to long hours, especially early in the career. Job security depends strongly on the construction market. ### What skills do you need? - Architectural design and creativity - Technical drawing and CAD - Building information modelling (BIM) - Knowledge of building codes and construction methods - Sustainable and energy-efficient design - Presentation and client communication - Project and budget management - Visual and spatial thinking ### How do you become an architect? Becoming an architect usually takes seven years or more. First you complete an accredited architecture degree, often a five-year programme or a bachelor's followed by a master's. You then gain supervised practical experience, usually for two years or more, and pass a professional exam or assessment set by the national or state registration body. The details vary. In the United States, candidates complete a structured experience programme and a multi-part licensing exam. In many European countries, registration follows the degree plus a period of practice or a state exam. A strong design portfolio is essential at every stage. - **Accredited architecture degree.** The standard route is a professional architecture degree recognised by the registration body in your country. It combines design studio projects with building technology, history, structures and professional practice. Programmes often last five years in total, and in many countries they are split into a bachelor's and a master's. The workload is heavy and centred on design projects. - **Work-based or apprenticeship route.** Some countries offer routes where you work in an architecture practice while you study. In the UK, for example, architecture apprenticeships combine paid work with study towards the qualifications needed for registration. These routes take at least as long as full-time study, but they let you earn and gain experience at the same time. - **Related degree and conversion.** Graduates in subjects such as architectural technology, interior design, civil engineering or art can sometimes join an accredited master's in architecture, occasionally after a preparatory year. In the United States, graduate programmes for people with a non-architecture bachelor's degree usually take about three years. You still need the practical experience and exams to register. ### Do you need a licence to work as an architect? Architecture is a regulated profession in most countries. The title "architect" is usually protected, so you can only use it if you are registered or licensed. In some countries, certain buildings must also be designed or signed off by a registered architect. Registration is handled by national or state bodies, and the rules differ, so moving countries often means extra exams or assessments. Within the European Union, listed architecture qualifications are recognised between member states. Check with the registration body where you want to work. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$99,280 (BLS OEWS, SOC 17-1011) ### Job outlook Demand for architects follows the construction and property market, so it rises and falls with the economy. Long-term needs include housing, renovating existing buildings to cut energy use, and adapting buildings to climate change. Digital design tools and AI are changing how drawings are produced, which may reduce routine drafting work. Architects with skills in sustainable design, renovation, building information modelling and project management are likely to find more opportunities. ### Frequently asked questions **How long does it take to become an architect?** In most countries it takes seven years or more. This usually includes around five years of university study and two or more years of supervised practical experience, followed by a registration or licensing exam. Some people take longer because they work between study stages or take the exams over several years. **Can you be an architect without a degree?** In most countries you cannot use the protected title "architect" without an accredited qualification and registration. A few countries have alternative routes, such as work-based apprenticeships in the UK or assessment of long professional experience. Without registration, you can often work in architectural design as a technologist, technician or designer, but you cannot call yourself an architect. **What is the difference between an architect and a civil engineer?** Architects focus on the design of buildings: how they look, how people use them and how they fit their surroundings. Civil and structural engineers focus on making structures safe and stable, and on infrastructure such as roads, bridges and water systems. On building projects they work together, and the architect usually leads the overall design. **Can I work as an architect in another country?** It is possible, but you usually need to register in the new country. Some agreements make this easier, such as automatic recognition of listed qualifications within the European Union, or mutual recognition arrangements between certain countries. Otherwise you may need to have your qualifications assessed, gain local experience or pass extra exams on local law and practice. ## Urban planner URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/urban-planner/ ISCO-08: 2164 · SOC: 19-3051 · Degree usually needed · Partly regulated Urban planners decide how land in cities, towns and regions should be used, balancing housing, transport, jobs, public services and the environment. Most have a degree or master's in planning, or in a related subject such as geography, architecture or environmental science. They work mainly for local and national governments, and also for consultancies, developers and community organisations. ### What does an urban planner do? - Prepare long-term plans for land use, housing, transport and green spaces. - Assess planning applications and recommend whether they should be approved. - Analyse data on population, land use, traffic and the environment, often with GIS. - Consult residents, businesses and community groups about proposals. - Work with architects, engineers and developers to shape new projects. - Write reports and present recommendations to councils, committees or clients. - Check that developments follow planning laws and policies. Most urban planners work for local, regional or national governments, where they write plans and decide on planning applications. Others work for planning and engineering consultancies, property developers, transport agencies, charities and international development organisations. The work is mostly office-based, with site visits and public meetings, which are sometimes held in the evening. Decisions can be politically sensitive and may attract public criticism. ### What skills do you need? - Knowledge of planning law and policy - Geographic information systems (GIS) - Research and data analysis - Report writing - Negotiation and public consultation - Understanding of urban design and development - Public speaking - Balancing competing interests ### How do you become an urban planner? Most planners have a degree in planning, or a degree in a related subject such as geography, architecture, environmental science, economics or politics followed by a master's in planning. In the United States and some other countries, a master's is the usual professional qualification, while in countries such as the UK and Australia you can also start with an accredited bachelor's. Look for programmes accredited by the national planning institute. Many people start as planning assistants or officers in local government and gain professional membership after a few years of experience. - **Accredited planning degree.** An accredited bachelor's or master's in urban, town or regional planning teaches planning law, urban design, transport, housing, environmental policy and research methods. Accreditation by the national planning institute usually makes professional membership easier. Many courses include project work with real communities or local governments. - **Related degree and master's.** Graduates in geography, architecture, environmental science, economics, sociology or politics often move into planning through a one- or two-year master's. This is the most common route in the United States and is widely used elsewhere. Your first degree can become a useful specialism, for example in environmental or transport planning. - **Work-based route.** Some people start as planning technicians or assistants in local government and study part-time. In the UK, for example, there are planning apprenticeships that lead to an accredited qualification. This route lets you earn while you learn, but it can take several years to reach full professional status. ### Do you need a licence to work as an urban planner? Planning is only partly regulated. In most countries you do not need a licence to work as a planner, but professional membership or certification is often expected for senior roles. In the UK, chartered membership of the Royal Town Planning Institute is widely valued by employers. In the United States, voluntary certification through the American Institute of Certified Planners (AICP) is common, and the state of New Jersey licenses planners. In some Canadian provinces, the title Registered Professional Planner is protected. Check the rules locally. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$89,320 (BLS OEWS, SOC 19-3051) ### Job outlook Planners are needed to manage growing cities, housing shortages, transport and adaptation to climate change. Several countries have shortages of planners in local government, but public-sector hiring also depends on budgets and political priorities. Private-sector planning work rises and falls with property development. Digital tools, open data and AI are changing how plans are prepared and how applications are checked. Planners with skills in data, design, climate resilience and community engagement are likely to be in demand. ### Frequently asked questions **What does an urban planner do day to day?** A typical day might include assessing planning applications, visiting sites, meeting developers or architects, and writing reports. Planners who work on long-term policy spend more time analysing data, drafting plans and running public consultations. Many also attend committee meetings where elected officials decide on proposals. The balance depends on whether you work on applications or on policy. **What degree do you need to be an urban planner?** Most planners have an accredited degree in planning, either a bachelor's or a master's. Common first degrees before a planning master's include geography, architecture, environmental science, economics, sociology and politics. In the United States, a master's in planning is the usual route, while in the UK and Australia an accredited bachelor's is also common. **What is the difference between an urban planner and an architect?** Architects design individual buildings and the spaces around them. Urban planners work at a larger scale, deciding how land across a neighbourhood, city or region should be used and whether proposed developments should go ahead. Planners focus more on policy, law and the public interest, while architects focus on design and construction. **Is urban planning a good career?** It can be rewarding if you want to shape how communities live, travel and use land. Jobs exist in most countries, especially in the public sector, which often offers stable employment. The work can be frustrating because decisions are slow and often political. Progress usually depends on gaining professional membership or certification. ## Construction manager URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/construction-manager/ ISCO-08: 1323 · SOC: 11-9021 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries Construction managers plan, coordinate and oversee building and infrastructure projects, managing workers, subcontractors, budgets, schedules, quality and safety on site. Many have a degree in construction management, civil engineering or a related subject, but others work their way up from a trade or supervisor role. Most work for construction contractors, developers or project management firms. ### What does a construction manager do? - Plan the order of work, the schedule and the resources for a construction project. - Hire and coordinate subcontractors, suppliers and site teams. - Monitor costs and progress, and report to clients and senior managers. - Make sure the site follows health and safety rules and environmental requirements. - Check that work matches the drawings, specifications and quality standards. - Solve problems caused by delays, design changes, weather or supply issues. - Hold regular site meetings with engineers, architects and inspectors. Construction managers work for building and civil engineering contractors, housebuilders, developers, project management consultancies and public bodies. They are usually based on site, often in a temporary office, and move to a new site when a project ends. Days can start early and finish late, and pressure increases near deadlines. Large projects may require working away from home or abroad. Senior managers may oversee several sites from a head office. ### What skills do you need? - Project planning and scheduling - Leadership and people management - Health and safety management - Cost control and budgeting - Knowledge of construction methods and materials - Reading drawings and contracts - Problem solving and decision making - Negotiation and communication ### How do you become a construction manager? There are two common routes. Many construction managers have a degree in construction management, civil engineering, building surveying, architecture or quantity surveying, and join a contractor as a graduate or assistant site manager. Others start in a trade, such as carpentry or bricklaying, or as a site supervisor, and move up through experience and part-time study. Employers look for site experience, safety training and leadership skills. Membership of a professional construction or building management body helps with senior roles. Career changers from engineering, the armed forces or project management can also enter. - **University degree.** A degree in construction management, civil engineering or a related built environment subject covers construction technology, project planning, contracts, law, cost control and health and safety. Placements with contractors are very valuable, and many graduates join structured training schemes as assistant site managers or assistant project managers. - **Trade or apprenticeship route.** Many construction managers started as skilled tradespeople, apprentices or site supervisors. With experience, safety qualifications and sometimes part-time study, they move into site management. Some countries offer construction management apprenticeships, including degree-level programmes in the UK, that combine work on site with formal study. - **Career change.** People from engineering, surveying, the armed forces or general project management can move into construction management. Experience of managing people, budgets and safety is valued. A short course or a master's in construction management can fill gaps in your knowledge of building technology and contracts. ### Do you need a licence to work as a construction manager? Construction management is not a licensed profession in most countries, and you do not need a licence to work as a construction manager. However, construction businesses often need a contractor's licence, for example in many US states, and site managers usually need recognised health and safety training. Voluntary professional status, such as chartered membership of a building institute in the UK or certification as a construction manager in the United States, can help your career. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$114,990 (BLS OEWS, SOC 11-9021) ### Job outlook Construction managers are needed wherever buildings and infrastructure are built or renovated, and experienced site managers are often in short supply. However, construction is sensitive to the economy, and hiring can fall quickly when interest rates rise or public investment is cut. Growth areas include housing, energy infrastructure, data centres and the renovation of existing buildings. Digital planning tools and factory-built components are changing the role, which rewards managers with strong digital and people skills. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need a degree to be a construction manager?** Not always. Many construction managers have a degree in construction management, civil engineering or a related subject, and large contractors often recruit graduates. But the industry also values site experience, and many managers started in a trade or as supervisors. Safety training and a record of managing people and projects are essential on either route. **What is the difference between a construction manager and a project manager?** The terms overlap. A construction manager or site manager usually runs daily work on one site, managing people, safety, quality and progress. A construction project manager often takes a wider view of the whole project, including budget, contracts, client relationships and design coordination. On smaller projects, one person may do both jobs. **Is construction management a stressful job?** It can be. Managers are responsible for safety, deadlines and budgets, and problems such as bad weather, late deliveries or design changes happen often. Hours can be long, especially as a project nears completion. Many people enjoy the variety, the visible results and working with a team, but you need to stay calm under pressure. **Can a civil engineer become a construction manager?** Yes, and it is a common move. Civil engineers who work for contractors often start as site engineers and progress into site or project management. Their technical knowledge helps them solve problems on site. To make the move, build experience in planning, cost control, contracts and managing people. ## Quantity surveyor URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/quantity-surveyor/ ISCO-08: 2149 · Degree usually needed · Partly regulated Quantity surveyors manage the costs of construction projects for clients or contractors, from early estimates to the final account. They measure work, prepare budgets and tender documents, manage contracts and control spending, and most have a degree in quantity surveying or a related subject. The job title is used in the UK, Ireland, Australia and many countries in Africa, Asia and the Middle East. ### What does a quantity surveyor do? - Estimate the cost of construction projects at each design stage. - Measure quantities of materials and work from drawings and digital models. - Prepare tender documents and compare bids from contractors. - Manage contracts, including changes to the work and their cost. - Value completed work and agree payments with contractors. - Report on budgets, cash flow and financial risks to clients or managers. - Help settle disputes about costs and contracts. Quantity surveyors work for consultancies that advise clients, for construction contractors, and for developers, governments and large property owners. Consultants, sometimes called professional quantity surveyors, work mainly in offices. Contractors' quantity surveyors spend more time on site and focus on the contractor's income and costs. Some work in energy, mining and infrastructure. Hours are usually regular but increase near tender deadlines and at the end of projects. ### What skills do you need? - Measurement and cost estimating - Construction technology - Contract law and procurement - Numeracy and spreadsheets - Cost planning software and BIM - Negotiation - Attention to detail - Report writing ### How do you become a quantity surveyor? Most quantity surveyors have a degree in quantity surveying or commercial management, ideally one accredited by a professional body. One widely recognised body is the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), which operates in many countries. Graduates in other subjects can take an accredited conversion master's. After joining an employer, you build structured experience and then take a professional assessment to become chartered or registered. Apprenticeships and part-time study are also common, especially in the UK. Some people start as trainee estimators or surveying technicians and qualify while they work. - **Accredited degree.** A degree in quantity surveying, commercial management or construction economics covers measurement, construction technology, contract law, cost planning and procurement. Accredited programmes make it easier to become chartered or registered later. Many courses include placements, and employers often recruit students for summer or year-long work experience. - **Apprenticeship or part-time study.** In the UK and some other countries, you can train through an apprenticeship, including degree-level programmes, while working for a contractor or consultancy. Others start as surveying technicians or estimators and study part-time. These routes let you earn while you qualify, and employers respect them. - **Conversion master's.** Graduates in subjects such as engineering, architecture, economics, finance or mathematics can take an accredited master's in quantity surveying, often in one year full-time or two years part-time. This is a common route for career changers, especially from finance and engineering backgrounds. ### Do you need a licence to work as a quantity surveyor? Quantity surveying is regulated in some countries and open in others. In countries such as Malaysia, Nigeria and South Africa, you must register with a statutory board to practise or to use the title. In the UK and many other places, you can work without registration, but chartered status through RICS is widely expected for senior roles. In the United States and much of mainland Europe, the profession is less common, and similar work is done by cost estimators and cost engineers. ### Job outlook Quantity surveyors are needed on almost every construction and infrastructure project, and experienced surveyors are often in short supply. Demand follows construction activity, so it falls during downturns. Digital tools such as building information modelling and automated measurement are reducing manual measurement work, while increasing the value of cost advice, risk management and contract skills. Knowledge of whole-life costs and low-carbon construction is becoming more important. ### Frequently asked questions **What does a quantity surveyor do?** A quantity surveyor manages the money side of construction. They estimate what a project will cost, prepare documents so contractors can bid for the work, check and value work as it is done, handle changes to the contract and agree the final cost. They may work for the client, to control spending, or for the contractor, to protect its profit. **Is quantity surveying a good career?** It can be a stable career with clear progression, because construction projects always need cost control. Experienced surveyors are often in demand, and chartered status is recognised in many countries. The work is detailed and can be pressured near deadlines, and demand falls when construction slows. It suits people who like numbers, negotiation and practical problem solving. **Is a quantity surveyor the same as a cost estimator?** They are similar but not the same. In the United States and some other countries, cost estimators prepare cost estimates for construction projects, which is one part of a quantity surveyor's work. Quantity surveyors usually have a wider role, including contracts, procurement, payments and final accounts. Which job title is used depends on the country. **Can I become a quantity surveyor without a degree?** Yes, in many countries. You can start as a trainee, technician or apprentice and study part-time while you work. In the UK, for example, degree apprenticeships lead to an accredited degree and then chartered status. In countries where quantity surveying is regulated, you usually need an accredited qualification before you can register. ## Doctor URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/doctor/ ISCO-08: 2211 · SOC: 29-1215 · Degree required · Licensed profession in most countries Doctors diagnose and treat illness and injury, help prevent disease and guide patients through their care. In most countries you study medicine as a first degree straight after secondary school, while in the United States and Canada you go to medical school after a bachelor's degree. Doctors work in hospitals, general practice, community clinics, research and public health. ### What does a doctor do? - Take medical histories, examine patients and decide which tests they need. - Diagnose illness and injury using test results, scans and clinical judgement. - Prescribe medicines and other treatments, and check how patients respond. - Carry out procedures or surgery, depending on the specialty. - Explain diagnoses and treatment options to patients and families in clear language. - Work with nurses, pharmacists and other health professionals to plan care. - Keep accurate medical records and stay up to date with new medical evidence. Doctors work in public and private hospitals, general practice and family medicine clinics, emergency departments, community health services, the armed forces, universities and research institutes. Some work for governments or international health organisations, or in industry roles such as drug development. Hospital doctors often work long shifts, nights, weekends and on-call periods, especially during training. General practice usually has more regular hours, but the workload can still be heavy. ### What skills do you need? - Clinical knowledge of the human body and disease - Diagnostic reasoning and decision-making - Clear and caring communication - Working calmly under pressure - Attention to detail and patient safety - Teamwork across health professions - Medical ethics and confidentiality - Commitment to lifelong learning ### How do you become a doctor? There are two main models. In the UK, much of Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America, you usually study medicine as a first degree straight after secondary school, and it typically takes five to six years, sometimes longer. In the United States and Canada, you usually complete a bachelor's degree first and then four years of medical school. Some programmes in Australia also use this graduate-entry model. After medical school, you do supervised training in hospitals, called internship, foundation training or residency, and in most countries you pass licensing exams. Specialist training then typically takes from about three years for family medicine to seven years or more for some surgical specialties. - **Medicine as a first degree.** In most countries outside North America, you apply to medical school straight after secondary school. Programmes typically last five to six years and mix science teaching with clinical placements in hospitals and clinics. Entry is very competitive and usually needs top grades in chemistry and biology, and often an admissions test and interview. - **Graduate-entry medicine.** In the United States and Canada, you usually complete a bachelor's degree, including required science courses, before a four-year medical degree. The UK, Ireland and Australia also offer graduate-entry programmes, often around four years long. This route suits people who choose medicine later or change career, but places are limited and competition is strong. - **Qualified in another country.** Doctors who trained abroad can often work in another country, but they usually need their degree checked, a licensing exam, proof of language skills and sometimes a period of supervised practice. Within the European Union, medical degrees that meet shared training standards are generally recognised between member states. The process can take years, so plan early. ### Do you need a licence to work as a doctor? Medicine is a licensed profession in virtually every country. You must register with the national or state medical regulator before you can practise, usually after supervised training and licensing exams. Specialists often need a separate specialist registration. Many countries also require doctors to renew their licence regularly and show continuing education. Rules differ widely between countries, so always check the medical regulator where you want to work. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$244,180 (BLS OEWS, SOC 29-1215) ### Job outlook Ageing populations and more people living with long-term conditions, such as diabetes and heart disease, keep demand for doctors high. Many health systems struggle to fill posts, especially in general practice and rural areas. Competition for training places in popular specialties can still be intense. AI tools are starting to help with diagnosis and paperwork, but they are expected to support doctors rather than replace them. Long hours and burnout are real risks in many countries. ### Frequently asked questions **How many years does it take to become a doctor?** Medical school typically takes five to six years as a first degree, or four years after a bachelor's degree in the United States and Canada. You then usually need at least a year of supervised practice before full registration. Specialist training adds several more years, so becoming a fully trained specialist often takes ten years or more from the start of university. **What subjects do you need to study medicine?** Most first-degree medical programmes ask for high grades in chemistry and usually biology, and many also value mathematics or physics. In the United States and Canada, medical schools usually expect set science courses, such as biology, general and organic chemistry and physics, during your bachelor's degree. Many schools also use admissions tests and interviews to assess reasoning, ethics and communication. **Can you study medicine after another degree?** Yes. In the United States and Canada, medicine is normally studied after a bachelor's degree, which can be in any subject if you complete the required science courses. The UK, Ireland, Australia and some other countries offer graduate-entry programmes, usually around four years long. Places are limited, and some programmes expect a science degree or experience in healthcare. **Is being a doctor stressful?** It can be. Doctors make serious decisions, often with incomplete information, and training usually involves long hours, night shifts and frequent moves between hospitals. Burnout is a recognised problem in many health systems. Many doctors still find the work deeply rewarding, and some specialties and general practice roles offer more predictable hours once training is complete. ## Nurse URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/nurse/ ISCO-08: 2221 · SOC: 29-1141 · Degree usually needed · Licensed profession in most countries Registered nurses care for patients, give medicines and treatments, watch for changes in their condition and support them and their families. In most countries you qualify through a nursing degree, typically three to four years, although some countries also accept diplomas or associate degrees. Nurses work in hospitals, clinics, care homes, schools, the community and patients' homes. ### What does a nurse do? - Assess patients' needs and plan their nursing care. - Give medicines, injections and other treatments safely and on time. - Monitor vital signs and report changes in a patient's condition quickly. - Dress wounds, manage intravenous drips and use medical equipment. - Support patients and families with information, comfort and advice. - Work with doctors, midwives and other health professionals as part of a care team. - Keep accurate records and pass on key information at shift handovers. Most nurses work in hospitals, but many work in community health centres, general practice clinics, care homes, schools, prisons, the armed forces and patients' homes. Others work for charities, international aid organisations or in occupational health for large employers. Hospital nursing usually involves shift work, including nights, weekends and public holidays. The work is physically demanding and at times emotionally intense, but it is also varied and close to patients. ### What skills do you need? - Clinical nursing knowledge - Safe handling of medicines - Observation and quick decision-making - Compassion and patience - Clear communication with patients and colleagues - Physical and emotional resilience - Teamwork in busy clinical settings - Accurate record keeping ### How do you become a nurse? In most countries you train through an approved nursing programme that mixes university or college study with supervised placements in hospitals and the community. This is usually a three- or four-year bachelor's degree, but the United States also accepts a two-year associate degree, and some countries still offer nursing diplomas. After you finish, you register with the national or state nursing regulator, which in some countries means passing a licensing exam, such as the NCLEX in the United States. Graduates of other subjects can often take a shorter accelerated programme. In some countries, including the UK, healthcare assistants can train through nursing apprenticeships. - **Nursing degree.** A bachelor's degree in nursing typically takes three to four years. You study anatomy, physiology, pharmacology and nursing practice, and spend a large part of the course on supervised clinical placements. It is the standard entry route in many countries, including the UK, Australia, Canada and the Philippines, and it prepares you for registration. - **Diploma or associate degree.** Some countries still train registered nurses through a college diploma or, in the United States, an associate degree of around two years. These routes are shorter, but employers and some countries increasingly prefer or require a bachelor's degree. Many nurses who start this way later complete a top-up degree while they work. - **Accelerated programme or apprenticeship.** If you already have a degree in another subject, accelerated or graduate-entry nursing programmes can lead to registration in around two years or less. In some countries, including the UK, nursing degree apprenticeships let healthcare assistants train while they work and earn. Both routes meet the same clinical and professional standards as a full degree. ### Do you need a licence to work as a nurse? Nursing is a licensed profession in almost every country. You must register with a national or state nursing regulator before you can work as a registered nurse, usually after an approved programme and, in some countries, a licensing exam. Registration normally needs renewing, with proof of recent practice or learning. Within the European Union, general nursing qualifications that meet shared standards are generally recognised between member states. Elsewhere, nurses trained abroad usually need an assessment, a language test and sometimes a local exam. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$97,550 (BLS OEWS, SOC 29-1141) ### Job outlook Every health system needs nurses, and ageing populations and the growth of long-term illness keep demand strong. Many countries report shortages and recruit nurses from abroad, which makes nursing one of the more portable health careers. Advanced roles, such as nurse practitioners and specialist nurses, are expanding in many places. The main risks are heavy workloads, staff shortages and burnout, which vary a lot by employer and country. ### Frequently asked questions **How long does it take to become a registered nurse?** In most countries it takes three to four years to complete a nursing degree and register. In the United States, an associate degree takes around two years and a bachelor's degree usually four. If you already have a degree, an accelerated programme can take around two years or less. You may also need time to pass a licensing exam and complete registration. **Do you need a degree to be a nurse?** In many countries, yes. A bachelor's degree is the standard or required route to registration in places such as the UK and Australia. Other countries, including the United States, also accept an associate degree or diploma, although many employers prefer a bachelor's. Nursing assistants and healthcare support workers do not usually need a degree, but they are not registered nurses. **Can I work as a nurse in another country?** Often, yes, but you must register with the nursing regulator in the new country first. This usually means having your qualification assessed, proving your language skills and sometimes passing a local exam or completing supervised practice. The process can take many months, so start early. Many countries actively recruit international nurses, but always check that a recruiter is genuine. **What is the difference between a registered nurse and a nursing assistant?** A registered nurse has completed an approved nursing programme and is registered or licensed by a regulator. They assess patients, give medicines, plan care and are accountable for their nursing decisions. Nursing assistants, also called healthcare assistants or care aides, help with daily care such as washing, feeding and moving patients. They usually have shorter training and work under the supervision of registered nurses. ## Midwife URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/midwife/ ISCO-08: 2222 · SOC: 29-1161 · Degree usually needed · Licensed profession in most countries Midwives care for women and babies during pregnancy, labour and birth, and in the weeks after birth. They lead care for straightforward pregnancies and call in doctors when complications arise. Depending on the country, you train through a midwifery degree or qualify as a nurse first, and then work in hospitals, birth centres, community clinics or families' homes. ### What does a midwife do? - Provide check-ups, screening and advice throughout pregnancy. - Support women during labour and deliver babies in normal births. - Monitor the health of mother and baby and spot early signs of complications. - Refer women to obstetricians or other specialists when problems occur. - Care for mothers and newborns after birth, including support with feeding. - Teach parents about pregnancy, birth, family planning and caring for a newborn. - Keep detailed records and work closely with doctors, nurses and community health workers. Midwives work in hospital maternity units, birth centres, community clinics and women's homes, including for home births. In some countries they run their own practices, and in areas with few doctors they may be the main source of maternity care. Births happen at any time, so many midwives work shifts, nights and weekends or are on call. The work can be deeply rewarding but also emotionally hard, especially when a pregnancy or birth goes wrong. ### What skills do you need? - Knowledge of pregnancy, birth and newborn care - Calm decision-making in emergencies - Clinical observation and monitoring - Empathy and respect for women's choices - Clear communication with families - Physical stamina for long shifts - Teamwork with doctors and nurses - Accurate record keeping ### How do you become a midwife? There are two main routes. In many countries, including the UK, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, you can take a direct-entry midwifery degree, usually lasting three to four years. In others, you first qualify as a registered nurse and then complete midwifery training. In the United States, most midwives are certified nurse-midwives, who are registered nurses with a graduate degree in midwifery, although other types of midwife exist and rules differ by state. All routes include supervised practice, including helping with births. After training, you register with the national or state regulator. Nurses can often convert to midwifery through a shorter programme. - **Direct-entry midwifery degree.** A bachelor's degree in midwifery typically takes three to four years. Much of the course is supervised practice in hospitals and the community, where you care for women during pregnancy, birth and the weeks after. This route is common in the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and several European countries, and it does not require a nursing qualification first. - **Nursing first, then midwifery.** In many countries, including the United States and parts of Asia and Africa, midwives first qualify as registered nurses. They then complete a midwifery diploma, postgraduate certificate or master's degree. In countries that offer both routes, registered nurses can usually take a shortened midwifery programme, which takes less time than a full degree. ### Do you need a licence to work as a midwife? Midwifery is a licensed profession in most countries. You usually need to complete an approved programme and register with a national or state regulator, which may be a nursing and midwifery council or a separate midwifery board. Some countries also require a licensing exam. The scope of practice differs widely: in some countries midwives lead care for most normal births, while in others doctors lead maternity care and midwives have a narrower role. Check the rules where you plan to work. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$134,040 (BLS OEWS, SOC 29-1161) ### Job outlook Midwives are needed wherever babies are born, and international health organisations see them as central to reducing deaths of mothers and newborns, especially in low-income countries. Many countries report shortages of midwives. At the same time, birth rates are falling in parts of Europe and East Asia, which can reduce demand in some areas. Staff shortages, long shifts and emotionally difficult cases can lead to burnout, so good support at work matters. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need to be a nurse to become a midwife?** Not everywhere. In the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and several European countries, you can study midwifery directly as a first degree. In other countries, including the United States, most midwives qualify as registered nurses first and then train in midwifery. If you are already a nurse, many countries offer a shorter midwifery programme that builds on your nursing training. **How long does it take to become a midwife?** A direct-entry midwifery degree usually takes three to four years. If you train as a nurse first, you then add midwifery training, which typically takes a further one to three years depending on the country and the level of the qualification. After training, you must register with the regulator, and in some countries pass an exam, before you can practise. **What is the difference between a midwife and an obstetrician?** A midwife specialises in normal pregnancy and birth and supports women before, during and after birth. An obstetrician is a medical doctor who has trained to manage complications of pregnancy and birth and can perform caesarean sections and other surgery. The two often work together, and midwives refer women to obstetricians when risks arise. **Can men become midwives?** Yes, in many countries. Most midwives are women, but men can train and register as midwives in countries such as the UK, Australia and the United States. Some women prefer a female midwife, and services usually try to respect that choice. Men who choose midwifery need the same clinical knowledge, sensitivity and communication skills as anyone else in the profession. ## Pharmacist URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/pharmacist/ ISCO-08: 2262 · SOC: 29-1051 · Degree required · Licensed profession in most countries Pharmacists are medicines experts who check and supply prescriptions, advise patients and other health professionals on using medicines safely, and in many countries give vaccinations or prescribe. You need a pharmacy degree, typically four to six years depending on the country, followed by supervised practice and registration. Most pharmacists work in community pharmacies or hospitals. ### What does a pharmacist do? - Check prescriptions for the right dose, side effects and interactions with other medicines. - Supply medicines and explain to patients how and when to take them. - Advise doctors and nurses on choosing and using medicines safely. - Review the medicines of patients with long-term conditions. - Give vaccinations, run health checks and treat minor illnesses where the rules allow. - Supervise pharmacy technicians and manage the stock and storage of medicines. - Report side effects and help prevent medication errors. Most pharmacists work in community pharmacies, from independent shops to large chains, or in hospitals, where they work on wards with medical teams. Others work in general practice clinics, the pharmaceutical industry, medicines regulators, universities, the armed forces or public health. Community pharmacists often work evenings, weekends and public holidays, while hospital pharmacists may take part in on-call rotas. The job involves long periods of standing, close concentration and a lot of contact with the public. ### What skills do you need? - Knowledge of medicines and how they work - Accuracy and attention to detail - Clear advice to patients - Applying clinical guidelines - Chemistry and calculation skills - Ethical judgement and confidentiality - Leading a pharmacy team - Business awareness in community pharmacy ### How do you become a pharmacist? You need a pharmacy degree approved by your country's regulator. In the UK, Australia, much of Europe and many Asian countries, this is a degree of four to six years taken after secondary school. In the United States and Canada, you usually complete some university study first and then a four-year Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) degree. Most countries then require a period of supervised practice, often called an internship or foundation year, and a registration exam. Graduates in chemistry or biomedical science usually need to complete a full pharmacy degree, although some countries offer shorter graduate-entry master's programmes. - **Pharmacy degree.** A pharmacy degree is the main route in almost every country. It covers chemistry, pharmacology, how medicines are made and how they work in the body, and patient care, with placements in pharmacies and hospitals. It typically lasts four to six years, depending on the country and whether supervised practice is built into the course. - **Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD).** In the United States and Canada, you take a four-year PharmD after pre-pharmacy university courses in chemistry, biology and mathematics. The programme includes a large amount of practical experience in pharmacies and hospitals. Some other countries also offer a PharmD, sometimes as a longer first degree taken straight after secondary school. - **Graduate entry or diploma.** Some countries, such as Australia, offer a shorter master's in pharmacy for people with a relevant science degree. In a few countries, including India, a pharmacy diploma can lead to registration, although a degree is needed for many roles. Pharmacy technicians who want to become pharmacists usually need to complete a full pharmacy degree. ### Do you need a licence to work as a pharmacist? Pharmacy is a licensed profession in almost every country. To practise, you must register with a national or state pharmacy regulator, usually after an approved degree, supervised practice and a registration or licensing exam. In the United States, for example, each state issues the licence, normally after national and state exams. What pharmacists may do, such as prescribing or giving vaccines, varies a lot between countries. Check the pharmacy regulator where you plan to work. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$140,910 (BLS OEWS, SOC 29-1051) ### Job outlook Medicines are central to modern healthcare, and ageing populations and long-term conditions keep pharmacists in demand. In many countries, pharmacists are taking on more clinical work, such as prescribing, vaccinations and treating minor illnesses, to reduce pressure on doctors. Automation, online pharmacies and central dispensing hubs are changing supply work, so the future lies more in patient care and advice. Job markets vary: some countries report shortages, while others have many graduates competing for posts. ### Frequently asked questions **How long does it take to become a pharmacist?** In most countries it takes five to eight years. In the UK, Australia and much of Europe, a pharmacy degree of four to five years is followed by, or includes, around a year of supervised practice. In the United States and Canada, you usually complete one to two years or more of university study, then a four-year Doctor of Pharmacy degree, before taking licensing exams. **What is the difference between a pharmacist and a pharmacy technician?** Pharmacists hold a pharmacy degree and are licensed to check prescriptions, advise on medicines and take responsibility for the safe supply of medicines. Pharmacy technicians usually train through a shorter diploma or apprenticeship. They prepare and dispense medicines and manage stock, usually under a pharmacist's supervision. Clinical checks of prescriptions normally remain with pharmacists. **Can pharmacists prescribe medicines?** In some countries, yes. Pharmacists in places such as the UK, Canada and parts of Australia and the United States can prescribe certain medicines, often after extra training. In many other countries, pharmacists can only supply medicines prescribed by doctors, apart from medicines sold without a prescription. The rules are changing quickly, so check the regulator in your country. **What jobs can you do with a pharmacy degree?** Most graduates register and work as pharmacists in community pharmacies or hospitals. Others move into the pharmaceutical industry, working in drug development, clinical trials, regulatory affairs or medical information. Further options include medicines regulation, public health, research and teaching. Some of these roles do not require registration, but being a registered pharmacist usually helps. ## Dentist URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/dentist/ ISCO-08: 2261 · SOC: 29-1021 · Degree required · Licensed profession in most countries Dentists diagnose and treat problems with the teeth, gums and mouth, and help patients prevent tooth decay and gum disease. In most countries you study dentistry as a first degree of five to six years, while in the United States and Canada you take a four-year dental degree after university study. Most dentists work in general dental practices, either private or public. ### What does a dentist do? - Examine teeth, gums and mouths, and take and read dental X-rays. - Fill cavities, treat gum disease and carry out root canal treatment. - Remove teeth and carry out minor oral surgery. - Fit crowns, bridges, dentures and other replacements for missing teeth. - Give local anaesthetic and manage patients' pain and anxiety. - Teach patients how to look after their teeth and prevent problems. - Lead a team that can include dental nurses or assistants, hygienists and technicians. Most dentists work in general dental practices, which may be privately owned or part of a public health service. Others work in hospital dental departments, community clinics for children and people with special needs, the armed forces, universities or research. Many dentists own or share a practice, which adds business responsibilities. Hours are usually more regular than in hospital medicine, but the work is detailed, physically demanding on the back and neck, and can be stressful. ### What skills do you need? - Precise hand skills and hand-eye coordination - Knowledge of oral health and disease - Calm, reassuring manner with patients - Diagnostic judgement - Infection control - Clear explanations of treatment options - Team leadership - Business and practice management ### How do you become a dentist? Most countries train dentists through a five- or six-year dental degree taken straight after secondary school, such as a Bachelor of Dental Surgery. In the United States and Canada, you usually complete a bachelor's degree first, including required science courses, and then a four-year Doctor of Dental Surgery or Doctor of Dental Medicine degree. Training combines science with many hours treating patients under supervision. Some countries require a year of supervised practice, either within the degree or after it, and some have a national licensing exam. Graduate-entry programmes for people with a science degree exist in some countries, including the UK and Australia. - **Dentistry as a first degree.** In most countries outside North America, you start a dental degree after secondary school. It typically lasts five to six years, sometimes including a compulsory internship year. Entry is competitive and usually needs high grades in chemistry and biology, and some dental schools also use admissions tests and interviews. - **Graduate-entry dentistry.** In the United States and Canada, dentistry is studied after a bachelor's degree, usually in a science subject, and admission normally requires a dental admission test. Some universities in the UK and Australia also offer shorter graduate-entry dental programmes. These routes suit people who choose dentistry later, but places are limited. - **Specialist training.** After qualifying and gaining experience, dentists can train in specialties such as orthodontics, oral surgery, children's dentistry or periodontics, which deals with gum disease. Specialist training usually takes a further two to four years or more. In many countries, oral and maxillofacial surgery also requires a medical degree. ### Do you need a licence to work as a dentist? Dentistry is a licensed profession in virtually every country. You must graduate from an approved dental programme and register with the national or state dental regulator before you can treat patients. Some countries also require a national licensing exam or a period of supervised practice, and specialists usually need extra registration. Within the European Union, dental qualifications that meet shared training standards are generally recognised between member states. Elsewhere, dentists trained abroad often need to pass local exams. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$170,950 (BLS OEWS, SOC 29-1021) ### Job outlook Demand for dental care is steady, supported by ageing populations who keep more of their natural teeth and by growing interest in cosmetic treatment. Access to dentists is limited in many rural areas and in some public systems, where waiting lists can be long. New technology, such as digital scanning and 3D printing, is changing how dentists work. Opening or buying a practice involves financial risk, and the work can be physically tiring over many years. ### Frequently asked questions **How long does it take to become a dentist?** In most countries, a dental degree takes five to six years after secondary school. In the United States and Canada, you usually complete a bachelor's degree followed by four years of dental school, so around eight years in total. Some countries also require a year of supervised practice after graduation, and specialist training, such as orthodontics, adds two to four years or more. **What subjects do you need to study dentistry?** Most dental schools ask for strong grades in chemistry and biology, and many also value mathematics or physics. In the United States and Canada, you need to complete set science courses during your bachelor's degree and usually take a dental admission test. Good hand skills and a genuine interest in patient care also matter, and many schools interview applicants. **What is the difference between a dentist and an orthodontist?** An orthodontist is a dentist who has completed extra specialist training, usually two to three years or more, in straightening teeth and correcting how the jaws meet. General dentists handle check-ups, fillings, extractions and most routine treatment. Orthodontists mainly use braces and aligners and often treat children and teenagers, usually after a referral from a dentist. **Can a dentist work in another country?** Yes, but you must register with the dental regulator in the new country. Dentists trained elsewhere often need to have their degree assessed, pass written and clinical exams and prove their language skills. Within the European Union, dental qualifications that meet shared standards are generally recognised between member states. The process can be long and expensive, so research it early. ## Physiotherapist URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/physiotherapist/ ISCO-08: 2264 · SOC: 29-1123 · Degree required · Licensed profession in most countries Physiotherapists help people move better, manage pain and recover from injury, illness, surgery or disability, using exercise, hands-on treatment and advice. In most countries you need a physiotherapy degree, typically three to five years, while in the United States you take a Doctor of Physical Therapy after a bachelor's degree. Physiotherapists work in hospitals, clinics, sports teams and the community. ### What does a physiotherapist do? - Assess patients' movement, strength, pain and daily function. - Design exercise and rehabilitation programmes and teach patients how to do them. - Use hands-on techniques such as massage, joint mobilisation and stretching. - Help patients recover after surgery, strokes, heart problems or sports injuries. - Treat breathing problems, for example in intensive care or for people with lung disease. - Advise on posture, lifting and preventing injuries at work or in sport. - Track progress, adjust treatment and keep clinical records. Physiotherapists work in hospitals, including intensive care, orthopaedic and stroke units, and in outpatient clinics, private practices, rehabilitation centres, care homes, schools and patients' homes. Many work with sports clubs or in occupational health for employers. Others are self-employed or run their own clinics, especially in countries where private care is common. The job is active and practical, and hospital roles may include weekend or on-call work. ### What skills do you need? - Anatomy and knowledge of how the body moves - Clinical assessment and reasoning - Designing exercise programmes - Hands-on treatment techniques - Motivating and encouraging patients - Clear explanations and teaching - Physical fitness and stamina - Accurate record keeping ### How do you become a physiotherapist? In most countries, you need a bachelor's degree in physiotherapy, usually three to five years, that includes supervised clinical placements. In the United States, you first complete a bachelor's degree and then a Doctor of Physical Therapy programme of about three years, and in Canada a master's degree after a bachelor's is standard. Graduates in subjects such as sports science or biology can often take a two-year graduate-entry master's in countries such as the UK and Australia. After training, you register with the national or state regulator, and some countries, including the United States and Canada, also require a licensing exam. - **Physiotherapy degree.** A bachelor's degree of three to five years is the standard route in most countries, including the UK, Australia, India and much of Europe and Latin America. You study anatomy, physiology and treatment methods and spend a large part of the course on placements in hospitals and clinics. Some programmes include a period of internship before you can register. - **Graduate-entry master's or doctorate.** In the United States and Canada, physiotherapy is studied at graduate level after a bachelor's degree: a Doctor of Physical Therapy in the United States and usually a master's in Canada. The UK, Australia and some other countries also offer two-year graduate-entry master's programmes. This route suits career changers with a science or sports degree. - **Vocational training or apprenticeship.** In a few countries, such as Germany, physiotherapists have traditionally qualified through a vocational school programme ending in a state exam, although university programmes are growing. In the UK, degree apprenticeships let physiotherapy support workers train while they work. Check which qualifications your national regulator accepts. ### Do you need a licence to work as a physiotherapist? Physiotherapy is a regulated profession in most countries, and the job title is often protected by law. You usually need to complete an approved programme and register with a national or state regulator before you can practise. Some countries, such as the United States and Canada, also require a licensing exam, and many regulators require continuing professional development. Rules on what physiotherapists may do, such as seeing patients without a doctor's referral, vary by country, so check the local regulator. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$102,760 (BLS OEWS, SOC 29-1123) ### Job outlook Ageing populations, more people living with long-term conditions and a focus on keeping people active and out of hospital support steady demand for physiotherapists. Sport, occupational health and private practice also create jobs. Digital tools, such as video appointments and exercise apps, are changing how some care is delivered. In some countries, competition for first jobs in public hospitals can be strong, and private work depends on insurance cover and on patients' ability to pay. ### Frequently asked questions **What is the difference between a physiotherapist and a physical therapist?** There is no real difference. Physical therapist is the usual title in the United States, the Philippines and some other countries, while physiotherapist is used in the UK, Canada, Australia, India and many others. The work is very similar, although the qualification needed to practise, such as a bachelor's, master's or doctorate, varies by country. **How long does it take to become a physiotherapist?** In most countries it takes three to five years to complete a physiotherapy degree. In the United States, you need a bachelor's degree followed by a Doctor of Physical Therapy of about three years, so around seven years in total. In Canada, a master's of about two years usually follows a bachelor's degree. You must then register and, in some countries, pass a licensing exam. **Can you become a physiotherapist with a sports science degree?** Not directly, but it is a common starting point. A sports science or kinesiology degree does not usually qualify you to register as a physiotherapist. However, it can help you get into a graduate-entry master's or doctoral programme in physiotherapy, which exist in the United States, Canada, the UK, Australia and some other countries. Check each programme's science entry requirements. **How do you become a sports physiotherapist?** First qualify and register as a physiotherapist, then build experience in treating muscle, bone and joint problems. Many sports physiotherapists work in general clinics or hospitals for several years and take postgraduate courses in sports physiotherapy. Jobs with professional teams are popular and competitive, so volunteering with local clubs and events can help you get started. ## Occupational therapist URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/occupational-therapist/ ISCO-08: 2269 · SOC: 29-1122 · Degree required · Licensed profession in most countries Occupational therapists help people of all ages manage the everyday activities that matter to them, such as washing, dressing, working, studying or playing, after illness, injury or disability or with a mental health condition. Most qualify through an occupational therapy degree or a graduate-entry master's. They work in hospitals, community services, schools, mental health services and people's homes. ### What does an occupational therapist do? - Assess how a person manages daily activities at home, at work, at school or in the community. - Set goals with patients and plan therapy around what matters to them. - Teach new ways to do everyday tasks after injury, illness or disability. - Recommend equipment and changes to homes or workplaces, such as rails, ramps or adapted tools. - Support people with mental health conditions to build routines, confidence and skills. - Help children with physical or developmental difficulties take part at school and at home. - Work with families, carers, teachers and other health and social care professionals. Occupational therapists work in hospitals, rehabilitation centres, mental health services, community teams, schools, prisons, care homes and people's homes. Some work for local governments in social care or housing, for employers helping staff return to work, or in private practice. Hours are often regular, although hospital roles may include weekends. Community roles involve travel between homes and services, practical problem solving and close contact with patients, families and social workers. ### What skills do you need? - Assessing physical, mental and social needs - Creative problem solving - Patience and empathy - Knowledge of anatomy, psychology and disability - Clear communication and teaching - Adapting activities and environments - Teamwork across health and social care - Report writing ### How do you become an occupational therapist? You usually need an occupational therapy qualification approved by your national regulator or professional body. In many countries, including the UK, Australia and India, this is a bachelor's degree of three to four years or more, with long clinical placements. In the United States and Canada, you normally need a master's or doctorate in occupational therapy after a bachelor's degree. Graduates in psychology, biology or other subjects can take a two-year graduate-entry master's in several countries. After qualifying, you register with the regulator and, in some countries, including the United States, pass a national exam. - **Occupational therapy degree.** A bachelor's degree in occupational therapy usually takes three to four years, and longer in some countries. You study anatomy, psychology, disability and therapy methods, and complete many hours of supervised practice in hospitals and community services. This is the standard route in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, India and many other countries. - **Graduate-entry master's or doctorate.** If you already have a degree, you can take a two-year graduate-entry master's in countries such as the UK and Australia. In the United States and Canada, a graduate degree is the standard entry route, and the United States offers both master's and doctoral programmes. Psychology, biology and health sciences are common first degrees. - **Apprenticeship or vocational route.** Occupational therapy assistants and support workers can sometimes progress to full qualification. In the UK, degree apprenticeships let you train while working, and in a few countries occupational therapists train at vocational colleges rather than universities. Check which qualifications your national regulator accepts. ### Do you need a licence to work as an occupational therapist? Occupational therapy is a regulated profession in many countries, and the job title is often protected by law. You usually need to complete an approved programme and register with a national or state regulator before you can practise. In the United States, you pass a national certification exam and then get a state licence. Where there is no legal regulator, a professional association may set standards instead. Check the rules in the country where you want to work. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$100,330 (BLS OEWS, SOC 29-1122) ### Job outlook Ageing populations, more people living with long-term conditions and a policy focus on helping people stay independent at home all support demand for occupational therapists. Mental health, children's services and return-to-work programmes are also important areas in many countries. The profession is less well known than physiotherapy, and in some countries there are few posts outside large cities. Pressure on public funding can lead to high caseloads and waiting lists. ### Frequently asked questions **What is the difference between an occupational therapist and a physiotherapist?** Physiotherapists focus mainly on movement, strength, pain and physical recovery. Occupational therapists focus on helping people carry out daily activities, such as dressing, cooking, working or going to school, and they consider mental health and the home or work environment as well as the body. The two professions often work together, for example when someone is recovering from a stroke. **How long does it take to become an occupational therapist?** In most countries it takes three to four years to complete a bachelor's degree in occupational therapy. If you already have a degree, a graduate-entry master's usually takes about two years. In the United States and Canada, entry is at graduate level, so it typically takes six to seven years in total, including your bachelor's. You then need to register and, in some countries, pass an exam. **Do occupational therapists work in mental health?** Yes. Occupational therapy has strong roots in mental health care, and many occupational therapists still work in this field. They help people with conditions such as depression, anxiety or psychosis build daily routines, return to work or study, and live more independently. They work in hospitals, community mental health teams and supported housing. **Can you become an occupational therapist with a psychology degree?** Yes, in many countries. A psychology degree is a common background for graduate-entry master's programmes in occupational therapy, which usually take about two years. In the United States and Canada, psychology is also a popular first degree before an occupational therapy master's or doctorate. Programmes often ask for some study of anatomy or physiology and for experience in care settings. ## Clinical psychologist URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/clinical-psychologist/ ISCO-08: 2634 · SOC: 19-3033 · Degree required · Licensed profession in most countries Clinical psychologists assess and treat mental health problems and emotional difficulties, such as depression, anxiety, trauma and eating disorders, mainly through psychological assessment and talking therapies. The route is long: usually a psychology degree followed by a doctorate or master's in clinical psychology with supervised practice. They work in hospitals, community mental health services, schools, prisons and private practice. ### What does a clinical psychologist do? - Assess people's mental health using interviews, observation and standard psychological tests. - Plan treatment based on each person's needs and the best available evidence. - Deliver talking therapies, such as cognitive behavioural therapy, to individuals, families or groups. - Support people with conditions such as anxiety, depression, psychosis, trauma or dementia. - Measure progress and change the approach when treatment is not helping. - Advise and train doctors, nurses and other staff on psychological care. - Carry out research and evaluate mental health services. Clinical psychologists work in hospitals, community mental health teams, children's services, prisons and forensic services, rehabilitation units and universities. In some countries most work in public health services, while in others, such as the United States, private practice is common. Some work in schools, the armed forces or charities. Hours are usually regular, with planned appointments, but the work is emotionally demanding and psychologists receive regular supervision throughout their careers. ### What skills do you need? - Knowledge of mental health and human behaviour - Psychological assessment and testing - Evidence-based therapy skills - Active listening and empathy - Ethical judgement and clear boundaries - Research methods and statistics - Emotional resilience - Clear written reports ### How do you become a clinical psychologist? The route is long and competitive. You first complete a degree in psychology, usually three to four years. Most countries then require postgraduate training in clinical psychology with supervised practice, such as a three-year doctorate in the UK, a doctoral programme of five or more years in the United States, or a master's followed by supervised practice in Australia and many European countries. Many applicants gain paid or voluntary experience in mental health work before they are accepted. In some countries, including the UK, graduates in other subjects can take a psychology conversion course to meet entry requirements. - **Psychology degree and doctorate.** The most common route in English-speaking countries is a psychology degree followed by a doctorate in clinical psychology. In the UK, doctoral training takes three years, and trainees are usually employed by the public health service. In the United States, PhD and PsyD programmes typically last five to seven years, including a year-long internship. - **Master's and supervised practice.** In Australia and many European countries, you complete a master's degree in clinical psychology, often followed by supervised practice or further specialist training before you can register. In some countries, including parts of Latin America, a long first degree in psychology leads to a professional licence, and clinical specialisation comes later. Check what the national regulator expects. - **Conversion from another degree.** If your first degree is not in psychology, you can take a conversion course or master's that gives you an accredited foundation in psychology. In the UK this usually takes one year full-time. You then still need relevant experience and a place on clinical training, so this route adds time and competition. ### Do you need a licence to work as a clinical psychologist? Clinical psychology is a regulated profession in many countries, and titles such as "clinical psychologist" or "psychologist" are often protected by law. You usually register with a national or state regulator after approved postgraduate training and supervised practice. In the United States, each state licenses psychologists, usually requiring a doctorate, supervised hours and an exam. In some countries the profession is less regulated, so check the local rules and choose accredited training. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$100,580 (BLS OEWS, SOC 19-3033) ### Job outlook Demand for mental health care is high in many countries, as awareness grows and stigma falls, and many people wait a long time for psychological therapy. However, training places are limited and competition is intense, so many graduates work in support roles for several years first. Counsellors and therapists with shorter training also deliver some talking therapies. Online and digital therapy is widening access and changing how services work. ### Frequently asked questions **How long does it take to become a clinical psychologist?** It usually takes seven to twelve years from the start of university. You typically need a three- or four-year psychology degree, often a year or more of relevant work experience, and then postgraduate clinical training. This training takes about three years in the UK and five to seven years in the United States, while other countries require a master's plus supervised practice. **What is the difference between a psychologist and a psychiatrist?** A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who specialises in mental health and can prescribe medication. A clinical psychologist has trained in psychology rather than medicine and mainly uses psychological assessment and talking therapies. In most countries psychologists cannot prescribe medicines, although a few US states allow specially trained psychologists to do so. The two often work together in mental health teams. **Can you become a clinical psychologist without a psychology degree?** Yes, but you usually need extra study first. In several countries, graduates in other subjects can take a psychology conversion course or master's that meets the entry requirements for clinical training. In the United States, some doctoral programmes accept students from other subjects if they have completed key psychology and statistics courses. Expect this route to take longer. **Is it hard to get onto a clinical psychology doctorate?** Yes, in most countries. There are usually many more applicants than places, and many people apply more than once. Programmes look for strong academic results, research skills and relevant experience, such as work as an assistant psychologist, support worker or research assistant. Experience with different client groups and a clear understanding of the role can strengthen your application. ## Veterinarian URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/veterinarian/ ISCO-08: 2250 · SOC: 29-1131 · Degree required · Licensed profession in most countries Veterinarians diagnose, treat and prevent disease and injury in animals, from pets and farm animals to horses and wildlife, and help protect people from diseases that spread from animals. You need a veterinary degree, typically five to six years, or four years after pre-veterinary study in the United States and Canada. Most work in animal clinics and hospitals, on farms or in government services. ### What does a veterinarian do? - Examine animals, diagnose illness and injury, and decide on treatment. - Perform surgery, from routine neutering to complex operations. - Vaccinate animals and advise owners on nutrition, behaviour and preventive care. - Take and interpret X-rays, scans and laboratory tests. - Visit farms to treat livestock and help farmers keep herds healthy. - Carry out euthanasia when it is the kindest option, and support owners through the loss. - Inspect animals and food products to protect public health and animal welfare. Most veterinarians work in private practices that treat pets, farm animals, horses or a mix of species. Others work in animal hospitals, government veterinary and food safety services, research laboratories, universities, zoos, wildlife organisations, the armed forces or the pharmaceutical and food industries. Practice work often includes evenings, weekends and emergency on-call duty, and farm work means travel and time outdoors in all weather. The emotional strain of the job, including euthanasia and difficult conversations with owners, is widely recognised. ### What skills do you need? - Knowledge of anatomy and disease across many species - Diagnostic and surgical skills - Calm and safe handling of animals - Clear, compassionate communication with owners - Decision-making under pressure - Physical stamina - Ethics and animal welfare - Business awareness ### How do you become a veterinarian? In most countries you study veterinary medicine as a first degree straight after secondary school, which typically takes five to six years. In the United States and Canada, you complete pre-veterinary university courses, usually as part of a bachelor's degree, before a four-year Doctor of Veterinary Medicine programme. Entry is very competitive and usually needs top grades in chemistry and biology, plus practical experience with animals, for example on farms or in veterinary practices. After graduating, you register with the national or state veterinary regulator and, in some countries, pass a licensing exam. A few countries offer shorter graduate-entry programmes for science graduates. - **Veterinary degree after school.** Most countries, including the UK, most of Europe, India and much of Latin America, offer veterinary degrees that start after secondary school and last five to six years. Courses cover animal science, disease, surgery and public health, with a lot of practical training in clinics and on farms. Places are limited, so strong grades and animal experience are essential. - **Graduate-entry veterinary medicine.** In the United States and Canada, veterinary medicine is a four-year professional programme taken after university study. Most students complete a bachelor's degree in biology, animal science or a similar subject first. Some universities in the UK and Australia also offer graduate-entry programmes for science graduates, typically around four years long. - **Specialisation.** After some years in practice, veterinarians can specialise in areas such as surgery, internal medicine, pathology or exotic animals through internships, residencies and specialist exams. Others take master's or doctoral degrees in public health, epidemiology or research. Specialist training is long, and places are limited in most countries. ### Do you need a licence to work as a veterinarian? Veterinary medicine is a licensed profession in almost every country. You must graduate from an approved programme and register with the national or state veterinary regulator before you can treat animals. The United States and Canada use a shared national licensing exam, and each state or province issues the licence. Within the European Union, veterinary qualifications that meet shared training standards are generally recognised between member states. Vets trained elsewhere often need to pass extra exams, so check the regulator where you want to work. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$130,100 (BLS OEWS, SOC 29-1131) ### Job outlook Demand for veterinarians is supported by pet ownership, food safety and the control of animal diseases that can spread to people. Many countries report difficulty recruiting vets, especially for farm animal and rural practice. Stress and burnout are well-known problems in the profession, linked to long hours, emotional strain and, in some countries, debt from long training. Large companies now own many practices in some countries, which is changing working conditions and career paths. ### Frequently asked questions **How long does it take to become a vet?** In most countries, a veterinary degree takes five to six years after secondary school. In the United States and Canada, you usually complete a bachelor's degree and then a four-year Doctor of Veterinary Medicine, so around eight years in total. Specialising in areas such as surgery or cardiology adds several more years of internships and residency training. **What subjects do you need to become a vet?** Veterinary schools usually ask for high grades in chemistry and biology, and often mathematics or physics. Most also expect practical experience with animals, such as time in veterinary practices, on farms or with animal charities. In the United States and Canada, you need set science courses during your university study. Competition is strong, so check each school's requirements early. **Can vets work in other countries?** Often, yes, but you need to register with the veterinary regulator in the new country. Some regulators accept degrees from approved foreign programmes, while others require you to pass their own exams. Within the European Union, veterinary qualifications meeting shared standards are generally recognised between member states. Language requirements and practical assessments are also common. **Do vets only work with pets?** No. Many vets treat pets, but others work with farm animals, horses, zoo animals or wildlife. Some work in government services that control animal disease and check food safety, in research on vaccines and medicines, or in teaching. A veterinary degree also leads to roles in public health, where vets help prevent diseases that pass from animals to people. ## Paramedic URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/paramedic/ ISCO-08: 3258 · SOC: 29-2043 · Degree often expected · Licensed profession in most countries Paramedics respond to emergency calls, assess patients at the scene, give urgent treatment and take them safely to hospital when needed. Depending on the country, you train through a university degree in paramedic science or through college and vocational programmes, sometimes after working as an emergency medical technician. Most paramedics work for ambulance services, fire services or emergency medical services. ### What does a paramedic do? - Respond to emergency calls by road, and sometimes by helicopter or motorbike. - Assess patients quickly and decide on the right treatment. - Give life-saving care, such as resuscitation, airway management and defibrillation. - Give medicines, manage pain and treat injuries such as fractures and bleeding. - Decide whether patients need hospital or can be treated at home or referred elsewhere. - Hand over patients clearly to hospital teams and record care accurately. - Check vehicles, equipment and medicines at the start of each shift. Most paramedics work for public or private ambulance services, fire and rescue services or emergency medical services. Others work in air ambulances, emergency departments, urgent care centres, general practice clinics, event medical teams, offshore and mining sites, or the armed forces. Shifts cover days and nights, weekends and public holidays. The work takes place in homes, streets and public places, often in bad weather, and can involve violence, trauma and distressing scenes. ### What skills do you need? - Emergency clinical assessment - Resuscitation and life support - Calm decision-making under pressure - Clear communication in stressful situations - Physical fitness and safe lifting - Teamwork with police and fire services - Safe emergency driving - Emotional resilience ### How do you become a paramedic? Routes vary a lot between countries. In the UK, Australia and New Zealand, you usually need a university degree in paramedic science, typically three to four years. In the United States, most paramedics first train and work as emergency medical technicians and then complete a paramedic programme, often lasting one to two years. In Canada, paramedics train through college programmes, and in Germany through a three-year vocational programme. All routes include supervised practice on ambulances. Some ambulance services hire trainee paramedics or offer apprenticeships, which suit career changers who need to earn while they train. - **Paramedic science degree.** A bachelor's degree in paramedic science typically lasts three to four years and mixes study of anatomy, pharmacology and emergency care with placements on ambulances and in hospitals. It is the standard route in countries including the UK, Australia and New Zealand, and it gives the best access to advanced and specialist roles later. - **College or vocational training.** In the United States, Canada, Germany and many other countries, paramedics train through college certificates, diplomas, associate degrees or vocational programmes, usually lasting one to three years. In the United States you normally qualify as an emergency medical technician first. These routes are shorter but may limit progression where degree-level training is becoming the norm. - **Trainee paramedic or apprenticeship.** Some ambulance services employ trainee paramedics or offer apprenticeships, so you can earn while you study and work alongside qualified crews. Ambulance support roles, such as emergency care assistant or ambulance technician, can also lead to paramedic training. You usually need a full driving licence, and sometimes a licence for larger vehicles. ### Do you need a licence to work as a paramedic? In many countries, paramedic is a protected title, and you must register with a regulator before you can practise. The UK, Australia and New Zealand, for example, have national registration. In the United States and Canada, paramedics are licensed by each state or province, often after a national certification exam. In some other countries, emergency care outside hospital is mainly given by doctors, nurses or technicians, and the paramedic role is less formally regulated. Check the local rules. ### Job outlook Demand for emergency care is rising because of ageing populations, more people with long-term conditions and pressure on hospitals and family doctors. In many countries, paramedics are taking on wider roles, such as treating patients at home or working in general practice, to avoid unnecessary hospital visits. The work is physically and emotionally demanding, and long delays at hospitals, night shifts and exposure to trauma contribute to burnout. Keeping experienced staff is a challenge for many services. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need a degree to become a paramedic?** It depends on the country. In the UK, Australia and New Zealand, a degree in paramedic science, or an apprenticeship that includes one, is now the usual route to registration. In the United States, Canada and many other countries, you can qualify through a college or vocational programme instead. Even where a degree is not required, it can help you move into advanced roles later. **How long does it take to become a paramedic?** Usually between one and four years. A degree in paramedic science typically takes three to four years. In the United States, you train as an emergency medical technician first, which usually takes a few months, and then complete a paramedic programme of around one to two years. Vocational programmes in other countries often last two to three years. **What is the difference between a paramedic and an EMT?** Emergency medical technicians, or EMTs, provide basic emergency care, such as first aid, oxygen and resuscitation, and help move patients safely. Paramedics have longer training and can give a wider range of treatments, including many medicines, advanced airway care and heart rhythm monitoring. The exact titles and skill levels differ between countries and services. **Is being a paramedic stressful?** Yes, it can be. Paramedics deal with serious injuries, sudden illness, death and sometimes violence, often at night and with little information. Long shifts and delays at hospitals add to the pressure. Many ambulance services now offer mental health support and debriefing after difficult calls. People who stay in the job often value the variety, the teamwork and the chance to help people at critical moments. ## Dietitian URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/dietitian/ ISCO-08: 2265 · SOC: 29-1031 · Degree required · Licensed profession in most countries Dietitians use the science of nutrition to assess and treat diet-related health problems and help people eat well. They work with patients who have conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, food allergies or eating disorders, and with communities on healthy eating. In most countries you need an approved degree in nutrition and dietetics, and most dietitians work in hospitals, clinics and community health services. ### What does a dietitian do? - Assess patients' diets, medical history and nutritional needs. - Plan and explain special diets for conditions such as diabetes, kidney disease, food allergies or cancer. - Plan nutrition for patients who cannot eat normally, including tube feeding. - Help people change eating habits through advice, coaching and follow-up. - Run group education sessions and public health programmes on healthy eating. - Work with doctors, nurses and catering teams to improve food in hospitals, schools or care homes. - Keep up with new nutrition research and apply it to practice. Many dietitians work in hospitals and outpatient clinics, often specialising in areas such as diabetes, kidney care, cancer, children or intensive care. Others work in community health services, general practice, public health, schools, sports organisations, the food industry, research or private practice. Some work in humanitarian nutrition programmes. Hours are usually regular, and the work is mostly clinic- and office-based, with a lot of time spent talking with patients. ### What skills do you need? - Nutrition science and biochemistry - Clinical assessment - Turning science into practical advice - Motivational and coaching skills - Communicating with people from many cultures - Accurate calculations - Teamwork in health settings - Critical reading of research ### How do you become a dietitian? You usually need an approved bachelor's degree in nutrition and dietetics, typically three to four years, that includes supervised practice in hospitals and the community. If you already have a degree in a science such as biology, biochemistry or nutrition, you can often take a graduate-entry master's in dietetics, commonly around two years. In the United States, new dietitians now need a graduate degree as well as supervised practice and a national registration exam. After qualifying, you register with the national regulator or professional body before you can use the title dietitian. - **Dietetics degree.** A bachelor's degree in nutrition and dietetics combines biochemistry, physiology, food science and clinical nutrition with supervised placements. It usually lasts three to four years and is a main route in many countries, including the UK, Canada and Australia. Make sure the programme is approved by the national regulator or dietetics association. - **Graduate-entry master's.** Graduates in nutrition, biochemistry, biology or a related science can take a master's degree in dietetics, usually around two years including placements. This route is common in Australia and the UK and is now standard in the United States, where you also complete supervised practice and pass a national registration exam. ### Do you need a licence to work as a dietitian? In many countries, including the UK, Canada and most of the United States, "dietitian" is a protected title, and you must be registered or licensed to use it. Registration usually follows an approved degree and supervised practice, and some countries also require an exam. In other countries, such as Australia, dietitians are credentialed by a professional association rather than a legal regulator. The title "nutritionist" is often less regulated. Check the rules in the country where you want to work. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$76,400 (BLS OEWS, SOC 29-1031) ### Job outlook The growth of obesity, diabetes and other diet-related diseases, together with ageing populations, supports demand for dietitians in many countries. Public interest in nutrition is high, but so is misinformation, which makes trained professionals valuable. However, online influencers and unregistered nutritionists compete for clients in private practice. Jobs in public health services depend on funding, and in some countries there are more graduates than hospital posts. ### Frequently asked questions **What is the difference between a dietitian and a nutritionist?** Dietitians are trained to treat medical conditions through diet and usually must be registered or licensed, so the title is protected in many countries. Nutritionists often work in public health, the food industry or wellness, giving general advice on healthy eating. In some countries anyone can call themselves a nutritionist, although voluntary registers exist. If you want to treat patients in hospitals, dietetics is usually the right route. **How long does it take to become a dietitian?** Usually four to six years. A bachelor's degree in nutrition and dietetics typically takes three to four years, including placements. If you take a science degree first and then a master's in dietetics, it takes around five to six years. In the United States, you need a graduate degree, supervised practice and a national exam before you can become a registered dietitian. **Can you become a dietitian with a biology degree?** Yes, in many countries. A biology, biochemistry or biomedical science degree can meet the entry requirements for a graduate-entry master's in dietetics, as long as you have studied enough human physiology and biochemistry. Programmes may ask for extra modules or relevant experience. A biology degree on its own does not let you register as a dietitian. **Do dietitians work in sport?** Yes. Some dietitians specialise in sports nutrition and work with athletes, teams and fitness organisations, helping them plan diets for training, recovery and competition. Many take extra postgraduate training in sports nutrition. These roles are popular and limited in number, so most sports dietitians also work in clinical or private practice. ## Biomedical scientist URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/biomedical-scientist/ ISCO-08: 3212 · SOC: 29-2010 · Degree usually needed · Partly regulated Biomedical scientists test samples of blood, tissue and body fluids in laboratories to help doctors diagnose and monitor disease, and they check that blood for transfusion is safe. Most have a degree in biomedical science or medical laboratory science, followed by training in an approved laboratory. They work mainly in hospital, public health and private diagnostic laboratories. ### What does a biomedical scientist do? - Analyse blood, urine, tissue and other samples using automated analysers and manual methods. - Identify bacteria, viruses and other infections and test which medicines work against them. - Match and test blood for transfusions. - Prepare and examine cells and tissues so that pathologists can detect diseases such as cancer. - Check the quality and accuracy of results and maintain laboratory equipment. - Report results to doctors and flag urgent or unusual findings. - Follow strict safety rules for handling infectious and hazardous materials. Most biomedical scientists work in hospital laboratories, in departments such as blood sciences, microbiology, cellular pathology and blood transfusion. Others work in public health laboratories, blood services, private diagnostic laboratories, research institutes, universities and the pharmaceutical industry. Hospital laboratories often run all day, every day, so shift work, nights and weekends are common. The work is mostly indoors, with little direct contact with patients. ### What skills do you need? - Laboratory techniques and equipment - Accuracy and attention to detail - Knowledge of human biology and disease - Quality control - Data handling and laboratory information systems - Problem solving - Health and safety awareness - Clear reporting of results ### How do you become a biomedical scientist? Most people start with a bachelor's degree in biomedical science, medical laboratory science or a related subject such as biology or biochemistry. In many countries, the degree must be approved by the regulator or professional body and followed by supervised training in a hospital laboratory before you can register. In the United States, you usually need a bachelor's degree and a certification exam, and some states also require a licence. Graduates of other sciences may need extra modules or a postgraduate course to qualify. Laboratory assistants can sometimes progress through apprenticeships or part-time study. - **Accredited degree.** A degree in biomedical science or medical laboratory science, usually three to four years, is the most direct route. Choose a programme accredited by the relevant professional body, especially one that includes a laboratory placement, because this can shorten the path to registration. Some programmes include all the training you need to register when you graduate. - **Science graduate top-up.** If you have a degree in biology, biochemistry, chemistry or another life science, you may need to take extra modules to match an accredited degree. You can then complete workplace training and apply to register. Many graduates start as laboratory assistants or trainee scientists while they do this. - **Apprenticeship or technician route.** In some countries, such as the UK, laboratory staff can train through apprenticeships, including degree apprenticeships in healthcare science. Medical laboratory technicians with a diploma or associate degree can often progress to scientist roles with further study. This route lets you earn while you learn, but it can take longer. ### Do you need a licence to work as a biomedical scientist? Regulation varies widely. In some countries, such as the UK, "biomedical scientist" is a protected title, and you must register with a regulator after completing approved training. In the United States, some states require a licence for laboratory scientists, while others rely on national certification. In many other countries, the profession is regulated through professional bodies or employer rules rather than law. Check the rules where you want to work. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$62,930 (BLS OEWS, SOC 29-2010) ### Job outlook Laboratory testing is central to modern healthcare, and ageing populations, cancer screening and new genetic tests keep demand steady. Many countries report shortages of qualified laboratory staff. Automation and digital pathology are taking over some routine tasks, which shifts the work towards quality control, complex testing and interpreting results. The profession is less visible to the public than other health careers, and moving into senior roles often depends on further qualifications. ### Frequently asked questions **Is a biomedical scientist the same as a medical laboratory scientist?** Mostly, yes. Biomedical scientist is the usual title in the UK and some other countries, while medical laboratory scientist, medical technologist or medical laboratory technologist are used in the United States, Canada, the Philippines and elsewhere. The work is similar: testing samples to help diagnose disease. In some countries the term biomedical scientist also covers university researchers, which is a different job. **How long does it take to become a biomedical scientist?** Usually three to five years. A bachelor's degree takes three to four years, and many countries then require supervised laboratory training before registration, which can take up to a year or be built into the degree. If your first degree is not accredited, extra modules can add time. Specialist and senior roles often need a master's degree later. **Do biomedical scientists work with patients?** Not usually. Most biomedical scientists work in laboratories and communicate with doctors and nurses rather than patients. Some roles include limited patient contact, such as taking blood samples or helping to run specialist clinics. If you want a science-based health career without much patient contact, this can be a good fit. **Can a biomedical scientist become a doctor?** Yes, but you need to complete a medical degree. Biomedical science is a common first degree for graduate-entry medicine in the United States, Canada, the UK, Australia and other countries. Laboratory experience and a strong understanding of disease can support your application, but they do not usually shorten medical training. ## Speech and language therapist URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/speech-and-language-therapist/ ISCO-08: 2266 · SOC: 29-1127 · Degree required · Licensed profession in most countries Speech and language therapists assess and treat people who have difficulties with communication, eating, drinking or swallowing. They work with children whose speech or language develops late and with adults affected by stroke, brain injury, cancer or conditions such as Parkinson's disease. You need a degree or graduate qualification in the subject, and most work in health services, schools or private practice. ### What does a speech and language therapist do? - Assess speech, language, voice, fluency and swallowing using tests and observation. - Plan and deliver therapy for problems such as delayed language, stammering or unclear speech. - Assess swallowing problems and advise on safe eating and drinking to prevent choking and chest infections. - Help people who cannot speak to communicate in other ways, such as signs, symbols or electronic devices. - Train parents, teachers and care staff to support communication every day. - Work with doctors, occupational therapists, psychologists and teachers as part of a wider team. - Write reports and keep records of progress. Speech and language therapists work in hospitals, community clinics, schools, special education services, children's centres, care homes, rehabilitation units and patients' homes. Many work in private practice or for local education services. Hospital therapists often focus on adults with swallowing problems after stroke or surgery, while school-based therapists mostly work with children. Hours are usually regular, with some travel between sites, and the role involves a lot of report writing. ### What skills do you need? - Knowledge of language, speech and linguistics - Anatomy of the head, neck and brain - Careful listening and observation - Patience and creativity in therapy - Working well with children and families - Clear written reports - Teamwork across health and education - Cultural and language awareness ### How do you become a speech and language therapist? You need a qualification approved by the national regulator or professional body. In the UK, Australia and many other countries, this is usually a three- or four-year bachelor's degree in speech and language therapy, or a two-year graduate-entry master's for people who already have a degree. In the United States and Canada, you need a master's degree in speech-language pathology, and in the United States this is followed by a supervised clinical fellowship and a national exam. Useful first degrees include linguistics, psychology, languages and biology. All routes include supervised placements with children and adults. - **Speech and language therapy degree.** A bachelor's degree typically lasts three to four years and covers linguistics, psychology, anatomy, neurology and therapy methods, with clinical placements. It is the main route in the UK, Australia, New Zealand and many other countries, where it leads straight to registration or professional membership. - **Graduate-entry master's.** If you already have a degree, often in linguistics, psychology, languages, biology or education, you can take a graduate-entry master's of around two years in countries such as the UK and Australia. In the United States and Canada, a master's is the standard entry route, and many applicants take preparatory courses first. - **Assistant route.** Speech and language therapy assistants support qualified therapists in schools, hospitals and the community. This is a good way to test your interest and gain experience. In some countries, such as the UK, apprenticeships allow assistants to train as fully qualified therapists while they work. ### Do you need a licence to work as a speech and language therapist? Speech and language therapy is a regulated profession in many countries, and titles such as "speech and language therapist" or "speech-language pathologist" are often protected. In the UK you must register with a national regulator. In the United States, states license speech-language pathologists, and many employers also expect national certification. In some countries, including Australia, the profession is self-regulated through a professional association. Check the rules where you want to work, as titles and scope differ. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$97,870 (BLS OEWS, SOC 29-1127) ### Job outlook Demand is high in many countries, driven by growing awareness of children's language needs, ageing populations and more people living with the effects of stroke and conditions such as dementia. Waiting lists for therapy are long in many public services. The profession is small, and in some countries jobs are concentrated in cities. Therapists who speak more than one language are especially valuable, because services increasingly support multilingual families. ### Frequently asked questions **What is the difference between a speech therapist and a speech-language pathologist?** They are the same profession with different titles. Speech-language pathologist is used in the United States and Canada, speech pathologist in Australia, and speech and language therapist in the UK and Ireland. Speech therapist is an informal name used in many countries, and many European countries use logopedist or a similar title. Training and work are broadly similar everywhere. **How long does it take to become a speech and language therapist?** A bachelor's degree usually takes three to four years. If you already have a degree, a graduate-entry master's takes around two years. In the United States, you need a bachelor's degree, a two-year master's and then a supervised clinical fellowship of around a year, so it often takes seven years or more in total. **Can you become a speech therapist with a psychology or linguistics degree?** Yes, but not directly. A psychology, linguistics, languages or biology degree does not qualify you on its own, but it is a strong base for a graduate-entry master's in speech and language therapy. Programmes often ask for study of linguistics or human biology and for experience with children or people with communication difficulties. Check each programme's entry requirements. **Do speech and language therapists only work with children?** No. Many work with children, but many others work with adults. They help people with speech and language problems after a stroke or brain injury, voice problems, stammering, and swallowing difficulties caused by conditions such as dementia, Parkinson's disease or head and neck cancer. Swallowing assessment is a major part of hospital work. ## Radiographer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/radiographer/ ISCO-08: 2269 · SOC: 29-2034 · Degree usually needed · Licensed profession in most countries Radiographers use X-ray, CT, MRI and other imaging equipment to produce images that help doctors diagnose injury and disease, while therapeutic radiographers, also called radiation therapists, give radiotherapy to treat cancer. Many train through a degree in radiography or medical radiation science, while shorter college or vocational programmes are common in the United States and some other countries. Most work in hospitals and imaging centres. ### What does a radiographer do? - Position patients and equipment correctly to produce clear images. - Operate X-ray, CT, MRI and fluoroscopy equipment, and in some countries ultrasound. - Keep radiation doses as low as possible and protect patients and staff. - Check image quality and pass images to radiologists for reporting. - Explain procedures to patients and reassure those who are anxious or in pain. - Plan and deliver radiotherapy for cancer patients, if working in therapeutic radiography. - Take images in emergency departments, operating theatres and on wards using mobile equipment. Most radiographers work in hospital imaging departments, and they also work in emergency departments, operating theatres and on wards. Others work in private imaging centres, cancer treatment centres, breast screening services, sports clinics and research. Some work for equipment manufacturers, training hospital staff to use new machines. Because hospitals need imaging at all hours, shifts, nights, weekends and on-call duties are common. The job involves a lot of standing, moving equipment and helping patients into position. ### What skills do you need? - Knowledge of anatomy and imaging physics - Radiation safety - Operating complex technical equipment - Precision and attention to detail - Caring communication with patients - Working quickly in emergencies - Teamwork with doctors and nurses - Digital and IT skills ### How do you become a radiographer? In many countries, including the UK, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa, you need a bachelor's degree in diagnostic or therapeutic radiography or medical radiation science, typically three to four years, with clinical placements in hospitals. In the United States, the most common route is a two-year associate degree in radiologic technology, followed by a national certification exam, and some countries, such as Germany, use vocational training. Graduates in other sciences can sometimes take a two-year graduate-entry master's. After qualifying, you register with the national or state regulator. Specialist roles, such as MRI or reporting on images, usually need further training. - **Radiography degree.** A bachelor's degree in diagnostic or therapeutic radiography typically lasts three to four years and covers anatomy, imaging physics, radiation protection and patient care, with long placements in hospitals. It is the standard route in the UK, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and many other countries. You usually choose diagnostic or therapeutic radiography from the start. - **College programme.** In the United States and Canada, many radiologic technologists and radiation therapists train through college programmes, such as a two-year associate degree in the United States or a college diploma in Canada, followed by a national certification exam. This route is shorter, but a bachelor's degree can help later with management or specialist roles. - **Graduate-entry master's or apprenticeship.** If you already have a science degree, some countries, including the UK, offer two-year graduate-entry master's courses in radiography. In the UK, apprenticeships also allow imaging assistants to train as radiographers while working. These routes suit career changers who want to build on previous study or earn while they train. ### Do you need a licence to work as a radiographer? Radiography is a regulated profession in most countries because it involves using radiation on patients. You usually need an approved qualification and registration with a national or state regulator before you can practise. In the United States, most states require a licence, and many rely on a national certification exam. Rules about who may carry out ultrasound, MRI or image reporting differ between countries. Check the local regulator, especially if you plan to work abroad. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$80,110 (BLS OEWS, SOC 29-2034) ### Job outlook Use of medical imaging keeps growing, for diagnosis, guiding treatment and cancer screening, and ageing populations add to demand. Many countries report shortages of radiographers and long waits for scans. AI tools are being introduced to help read images and manage workloads, which is likely to change some tasks rather than remove the need for radiographers. The work involves shift patterns and physical strain, and strict radiation safety rules must always be followed. ### Frequently asked questions **What is the difference between a radiographer and a radiologist?** A radiographer takes the images, operates the equipment, positions patients and keeps radiation use safe. A radiologist is a medical doctor who has specialised in interpreting images and diagnosing disease, and who may carry out image-guided procedures. The two work closely together. In some countries, experienced radiographers with extra training also report on certain types of images. **How long does it take to become a radiographer?** In most countries it takes three to four years to complete a degree in radiography. In the United States, an associate degree in radiologic technology usually takes about two years, followed by a certification exam. Specialising in areas such as MRI, CT or ultrasound usually needs further training and experience after you qualify. **Is being a radiographer dangerous?** Radiation risk is kept very low by strict safety rules. Radiographers use shielding, stand behind protective screens, keep their distance from radiation sources and wear badges that monitor their exposure. MRI does not use X-rays but has powerful magnets with their own safety rules. Pregnant radiographers usually have extra protection and may change their duties. **Do radiographers do ultrasound?** It depends on the country. In the UK and some other countries, many sonographers are radiographers who have taken postgraduate training in ultrasound. In the United States, Canada and Australia, ultrasound is usually a separate profession called diagnostic medical sonography, with its own courses and certification. Check the local routes if ultrasound is your main interest. ## Optometrist URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/optometrist/ ISCO-08: 2267 · SOC: 29-1041 · Degree required · Licensed profession in most countries Optometrists examine eyes, test vision, prescribe glasses and contact lenses, and detect eye diseases such as glaucoma and cataracts, as well as signs of wider health problems. You need an optometry degree, typically three to five years, or a four-year Doctor of Optometry after university study in the United States and Canada. Most work in community eye care practices, and some work in hospitals. ### What does an optometrist do? - Test vision and measure the need for glasses or contact lenses. - Examine the eyes with specialist equipment to check for disease. - Detect conditions such as glaucoma, cataracts, macular degeneration and diabetic eye disease. - Prescribe and fit glasses and contact lenses. - Manage some eye conditions and prescribe eye medicines where the rules allow. - Refer patients to eye doctors or general doctors when they find signs of serious disease. - Advise patients on eye health, screen use, lighting and eye safety. Most optometrists work in community practices, from independent shops to large retail chains, often in town centres or shopping areas. Others work in hospital eye departments alongside ophthalmologists, in specialist contact lens or low-vision clinics, universities, research or industry. Some visit people at home who cannot travel. Hours are usually regular but can include evenings, Saturdays and public holidays in retail settings. The work is indoors, detailed and involves seeing many patients a day. ### What skills do you need? - Knowledge of eye anatomy, optics and eye disease - Using specialist diagnostic equipment - Precision and attention to detail - Clear explanations for patients of all ages - Clinical decision-making - Patience with children and older patients - Customer service - Business awareness in retail settings ### How do you become an optometrist? You need an optometry degree approved by your national regulator or professional body. In the UK, you complete a three- or four-year degree and a period of supervised practice. In Australia, India and many Asian countries, optometry degrees usually take four to five years. In the United States and Canada, you complete university study, usually a bachelor's degree, then a four-year Doctor of Optometry programme and national exams. In some European countries, the profession is organised differently, with training through vocational colleges or combined with dispensing glasses. After qualifying, you register or get a licence before you can practise. - **Optometry degree.** In the UK, Australia, New Zealand, India and many other countries, you study optometry as a degree after secondary school. It typically lasts three to five years and covers optics, eye anatomy, eye disease and clinical practice, with supervised patient work. Some programmes include the supervised practice you need to register. - **Doctor of Optometry.** In the United States and Canada, optometry is a four-year professional doctorate taken after university study, usually a bachelor's degree in a science subject. Admission often requires an entrance test. Graduates then pass national board exams and get a state or provincial licence. Some other countries, such as Nigeria, award a Doctor of Optometry as a first degree. - **From dispensing optician.** Dispensing opticians, who fit and supply glasses from a prescription, can sometimes progress to optometry through further study. In some European countries, optometry training builds on vocational optician training. Check which qualifications your national regulator accepts before you choose a course. ### Do you need a licence to work as an optometrist? Optometry is a regulated profession in most countries, although the rules vary more than for many health careers. Usually you must register with a national or state regulator after an approved degree and supervised practice or exams. The scope of practice differs a lot: in some countries optometrists can prescribe medicines and manage eye diseases, while in others they mainly test sight and fit glasses. In a few countries optometry is not recognised as a separate profession. Check the local rules before you choose a programme. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$136,570 (BLS OEWS, SOC 29-1041) ### Job outlook Demand for eye care is growing as populations age and more people develop conditions such as diabetes, glaucoma and short-sightedness, which is becoming more common among children in many countries. Many health systems are moving eye care from hospitals into the community, giving optometrists wider clinical roles. Online sales of glasses and contact lenses and automated sight tests may put pressure on some retail work, so specialist clinical skills are likely to become more valuable. ### Frequently asked questions **What is the difference between an optometrist, an optician and an ophthalmologist?** An optometrist examines eyes, tests vision, prescribes glasses and contact lenses and detects eye disease. A dispensing optician fits and supplies glasses and lenses from a prescription. An ophthalmologist is a medical doctor who specialises in eye disease and eye surgery. In the UK, optometrists are often informally called opticians, which can cause confusion. **How long does it take to become an optometrist?** In the UK it usually takes around four years, including a degree and supervised practice. In Australia, India and many other countries, optometry degrees typically last four to five years. In the United States and Canada, you usually complete a bachelor's degree and then a four-year Doctor of Optometry, so around eight years in total. **Can optometrists prescribe medicines?** In some countries, yes. Optometrists in the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and the UK can prescribe certain eye medicines, sometimes after extra training or as part of their degree. In other countries, their role is limited to testing sight, fitting lenses and referring patients with eye disease. The rules change over time, so check the regulator in your country. **Is optometry a good career?** It can be. Optometry offers regular hours, direct patient contact and a clear clinical role, and demand for eye care is growing. However, much of the work is in busy retail settings with sales targets, and your scope of practice depends heavily on the country. Consider whether you enjoy careful, repeated testing as well as clinical problem solving. ## Epidemiologist URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/epidemiologist/ ISCO-08: 2131 · SOC: 19-1041 · Degree required · No licence needed in most countries Epidemiologists study how diseases and other health problems spread, who they affect and why, and use this evidence to prevent and control them. Most have a master's degree in epidemiology or public health, often after a first degree in medicine, biology, mathematics or another science. They work for public health agencies, universities, hospitals, international health organisations and the pharmaceutical industry. ### What does an epidemiologist do? - Design studies to find the causes and risk factors of diseases and health problems. - Collect, clean and analyse health data using statistical software. - Track trends in infections, chronic diseases and injuries through surveillance systems. - Investigate disease outbreaks and recommend control measures. - Evaluate whether vaccines, treatments and public health programmes work. - Write reports and scientific papers and explain findings to policymakers and the public. - Advise governments and health services on prevention and planning. Epidemiologists work for national and local public health agencies, health ministries, universities and research institutes, hospitals, international organisations and non-governmental organisations. Others work in the pharmaceutical and medical device industries, insurance or health data companies. Most work is office- and computer-based, and hybrid working is common, but field epidemiologists may travel at short notice to investigate outbreaks, sometimes in difficult conditions. Workloads can rise sharply during emergencies such as pandemics. ### What skills do you need? - Statistics and data analysis - Statistical programming, for example in R or Python - Study design and research methods - Knowledge of biology and disease - Critical thinking about evidence - Clear writing and data visualisation - Explaining risk to non-specialists - Working with public health teams ### How do you become an epidemiologist? Most epidemiologists have a master's degree in epidemiology or public health, usually one to two years, after a first degree in a subject such as medicine, nursing, biology, biomedical science, mathematics, statistics or data science. Research and senior roles often need a PhD. Many doctors, nurses and veterinarians move into epidemiology through postgraduate study. Some countries run field epidemiology training programmes, often around two years, that train staff on the job to investigate outbreaks. Strong statistical skills are essential, so career changers from data roles can do well after a public health master's. - **Science degree and master's.** Most people take a first degree in biology, biomedical science, mathematics, statistics or a related subject, then a master's in epidemiology or public health. Master's programmes often last one year in the UK and much of Europe and two years in the United States and many other countries. A research project or placement helps you get your first job. - **From medicine or another health profession.** Doctors, nurses, veterinarians and pharmacists often move into epidemiology after clinical experience, usually through a master's or specialist public health training. In some countries, doctors can train as public health medicine specialists, which includes epidemiology. Clinical experience helps with outbreak investigation and hospital-based research. - **Field training or PhD.** Some countries and regions run applied field epidemiology training programmes, usually lasting around two years, where you learn by investigating real outbreaks. For academic and senior research roles, a PhD in epidemiology is usually expected. Entry to both is competitive and often requires a master's or relevant work experience. ### Do you need a licence to work as an epidemiologist? Epidemiology is not a licensed profession, so you do not need a licence to work as an epidemiologist. Employers rely on your degrees, skills and experience instead. If you are also a doctor, nurse or veterinarian, you may need to keep your clinical registration for some roles. In some countries, public health specialists from non-medical backgrounds can join a voluntary register, and professional associations offer training and networks. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$87,220 (BLS OEWS, SOC 19-1041) ### Job outlook The COVID-19 pandemic showed how important epidemiologists are to public health. Demand also comes from the growth of health data, research on chronic diseases, climate-related health risks and monitoring the safety of medicines. However, public health budgets can rise and fall with politics and emergencies, and research jobs often rely on short-term contracts. Strong skills in statistics, programming and data science make you more employable both inside and outside health. ### Frequently asked questions **What degree do you need to become an epidemiologist?** Most epidemiologists have a master's degree in epidemiology or public health. Common first degrees include biology, biomedical science, medicine, nursing, mathematics, statistics and data science. A PhD is usually needed for academic research and many senior roles. The most important thing is strong training in statistics and research methods, which you can build during your degrees. **Do you need to be a doctor to be an epidemiologist?** No. Many epidemiologists have a background in science, mathematics or statistics rather than medicine. A medical degree can be useful for some roles, such as leading outbreak response or specialising in public health medicine, but most epidemiology jobs are open to people with a relevant master's or PhD. Doctors, nurses and veterinarians who move into epidemiology bring valuable clinical knowledge. **How long does it take to become an epidemiologist?** Usually four to six years after secondary school. A first degree takes three to four years, and a master's in epidemiology or public health takes one to two years. If you want to lead research, a PhD adds several more years. People who come from medicine or another health profession usually add epidemiology training after their clinical career has started. **Is epidemiology a good career?** It can be rewarding if you enjoy data, research and public health. The work has a clear social purpose, and the skills transfer well to data science, health policy and the pharmaceutical industry. However, many research jobs use short-term contracts, and government roles depend on public funding. Competition is strong for jobs in well-known international organisations. ## Accountant URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/accountant/ ISCO-08: 2411 · SOC: 13-2011 · Degree usually needed · Partly regulated Accountants prepare, check and explain financial information so that organisations pay the right tax, follow the law and make better decisions. Most study accounting, finance or business and then complete a professional qualification, such as CPA, ACCA or chartered accountancy, while working. They work in accounting and audit firms, companies of every size, governments and charities. ### What does an accountant do? - Prepare financial statements, budgets and management reports. - Check that records are accurate and follow accounting standards such as IFRS. - Prepare tax returns and advise on how to meet tax rules efficiently. - Audit the accounts and internal controls of organisations. - Analyse costs, cash flow and profit, and suggest improvements. - Use accounting software and spreadsheets to keep records up to date. - Explain financial results to managers, clients and boards in plain language. Some accountants work in public practice, which means accounting and audit firms that serve clients. Others work in industry, inside the finance teams of companies, or for governments, hospitals, universities and charities. Some run their own practice and serve small businesses. The work is mostly office-based, and hybrid working is common. Year-end, audit season and tax deadlines often bring long hours. ### What skills do you need? - Financial reporting and accounting standards - Tax rules and compliance - Auditing and internal controls - Accounting software and advanced spreadsheets - Accuracy and attention to detail - Analytical and commercial thinking - Professional ethics and judgement - Explaining numbers to non-specialists ### How do you become an accountant? Most accountants have a bachelor's degree in accounting, finance, economics or business, although many professional bodies also accept graduates in other subjects, and some accept school leavers. The key step is a professional qualification. You usually pass a series of exams and complete supervised work experience, which normally takes around three years or more alongside a job. Examples include the CPA in the United States, Canada and other countries, chartered accountant titles in countries such as India, the UK and South Africa, and ACCA, which is offered internationally. Career changers often start with an accounting technician qualification or join a trainee scheme. - **University degree.** A three- or four-year degree in accounting or finance gives you the technical basics and may give exemptions from some professional exams. Many firms run graduate training schemes that support your professional qualification while you work. Graduates in other subjects can join the same schemes but usually take extra exams. - **Apprenticeship or technician route.** In some countries, such as the UK and Ireland, you can start after secondary school as a trainee or apprentice. You usually begin with an accounting technician qualification, then move on to a full professional qualification. This route lets you earn while you learn, but it takes discipline to study alongside work. - **Career change.** People from banking, administration or other business roles can move into accounting by taking bookkeeping or technician courses, followed by a professional qualification. Some professional bodies offer a foundation level for people without a relevant degree. Experience in a finance team, even at junior level, helps you get a trainee role. ### Do you need a licence to work as an accountant? Accounting is partly regulated. In most countries anyone can do bookkeeping and many kinds of accounting work without a licence. However, titles such as CPA and chartered accountant are protected, so only members of the relevant professional body can use them. Signing a statutory audit, the legally required check of a company's accounts, is usually limited to registered or licensed auditors. In the United States, CPA licences are issued by each state. Rules on tax work vary, so check with your national professional body or regulator. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$83,680 (BLS OEWS, SOC 13-2011) ### Job outlook Every organisation has to keep accounts and pay tax, so demand for accountants is spread across the whole economy and is fairly stable. Software and AI now handle much routine bookkeeping and data entry, which reduces some junior tasks. Employers increasingly want accountants who can analyse data, advise on decisions, manage risk and understand new reporting areas such as sustainability. Qualified accountants with these skills are in demand in many countries. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need a degree to become an accountant?** Not always. A degree in accounting or finance is the most common route, and some countries, including the United States, require university-level study before you can become a licensed CPA. However, ACCA and many national institutes accept school leavers or trainees, who start with foundation or technician exams and work up to full qualification. **How long does it take to become a qualified accountant?** After a degree, most professional qualifications take around three years or more, because you combine exams with supervised work experience. The time depends on the professional body, any exemptions you have and how quickly you pass the exams. Starting after secondary school through a technician route usually takes longer overall, but you earn a salary throughout. **Which accounting qualification is recognised in the most countries?** ACCA is designed for international use and is recognised in many countries. CPA is the main licence in the United States, and national chartered or CPA titles are strongest in their own country. Some professional bodies have mutual recognition agreements, which can shorten the route if you move abroad. Choose the qualification that employers ask for where you want to work. **Will AI replace accountants?** AI and automation are taking over routine work such as data entry, matching transactions and basic reports. This changes junior roles, but organisations still need people who understand the rules, check results, apply judgement and advise managers. Accountants who build data and analysis skills, as well as technical knowledge, are likely to stay in demand. ## Financial analyst URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/financial-analyst/ ISCO-08: 2413 · SOC: 13-2051 · Degree usually needed · Partly regulated Financial analysts study financial data, markets and company performance to help businesses and investors make decisions about money. Most have a degree in finance, economics, accounting or another numerical subject, and many take professional exams such as the CFA programme while working. They work in banks, investment firms, insurers and the finance teams of companies and governments. ### What does a financial analyst do? - Build financial models and forecasts, usually in spreadsheets. - Analyse company accounts, market trends and economic data. - Value companies, shares, bonds or investment projects. - Write reports and recommendations for managers, clients or investment committees. - Compare actual results with budgets and explain the differences. - Follow news, interest rates and regulation that could affect investments or plans. Financial analysts work for investment banks, asset managers, pension funds, insurers, credit rating agencies and stockbrokers. Many others work in corporate finance teams, helping companies in every industry plan budgets and investments, and some work for governments and development banks. The work is office-based, often in large financial centres, and many firms offer hybrid working. Roles linked to deals and markets can involve long and unpredictable hours. ### What skills do you need? - Financial modelling and forecasting - Reading and analysing financial statements - Valuation methods - Advanced spreadsheets - Data tools such as SQL or Python - Understanding of markets and the economy - Clear report writing and presentation - Accuracy under time pressure ### How do you become a financial analyst? Most financial analysts have a bachelor's degree in finance, economics, accounting, mathematics or another numerical subject. Entry to banks and investment firms is competitive, and internships are often the main way into graduate programmes. Many analysts then study for the Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) qualification, which has three levels of exams and also requires relevant work experience. Corporate finance roles often value accounting qualifications such as ACCA or CIMA instead. A master's in finance can help graduates from other subjects switch, and people from accounting, data analysis or engineering often move in with extra study. - **Degree and graduate programme.** A degree in finance, economics, accounting or mathematics, combined with one or more internships, is the most common route. Banks, investment firms and large companies recruit through graduate programmes with numerical tests and interviews. Strong spreadsheet and modelling skills make a real difference to your chances. - **Professional qualification while working.** Many people start in a related role, such as accounts, operations or client service, and study for the CFA, ACCA or CIMA while working. Some employers pay for the exams. This route takes several years, but it shows commitment and builds skills that employers recognise worldwide. - **Master's degree.** A one- or two-year master's in finance helps graduates in other subjects, such as engineering or science, move into analyst roles. Some programmes are designed for students with no business background. Check that the course has good links with employers in the country where you want to work. ### Do you need a licence to work as a financial analyst? Financial analysis is partly regulated. You do not need a licence to work as an analyst in a company's finance team. However, people who recommend investments to clients, or who work in certain roles at banks and investment firms, often have to pass exams approved by the regulator or be registered with it. The rules differ by country and by type of role. The CFA qualification is voluntary but widely respected. Check your national financial regulator for the rules that apply to you. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$102,740 (BLS OEWS, SOC 13-2051) ### Job outlook Organisations always need people to analyse performance and plan investments, so demand is spread across finance and industry. However, hiring in banks and investment firms rises and falls with financial markets and can drop quickly in a downturn. AI and automated tools increasingly collect data and write standard reports, so employers value judgement, communication and data skills more. Areas such as sustainable finance and risk analysis are creating new specialist roles. ### Frequently asked questions **What degree do you need to become a financial analyst?** Finance, economics, accounting and mathematics are the most common degrees. Employers also hire graduates in statistics, engineering, physics and other numerical subjects, especially for investment and risk roles. What matters most is strong numerical ability, good spreadsheet skills and a clear interest in markets and business, which you can show through internships, projects or investment clubs. **Do you need the CFA to be a financial analyst?** No. The CFA is not a legal requirement for most analyst jobs, and many analysts never take it. It is highly valued in investment management and equity research, and some employers support staff while they study. Completing all three levels takes most people several years, so many start working first and then decide whether it suits their career. **What is the difference between a financial analyst and an accountant?** Accountants mainly record, check and report on what has already happened, and they follow detailed accounting and tax rules. Financial analysts use that information to look forward: they forecast results, value investments and recommend decisions. The two careers overlap, and many people move between them, especially in corporate finance teams. **Can you become a financial analyst without a finance degree?** Yes. Many analysts studied other numerical subjects, such as mathematics, engineering or science. You will need to learn accounting, valuation and financial modelling, which you can do through online courses, a master's in finance or professional exams. Internships and examples of your own analysis, such as company valuations, help show employers what you can do. ## Actuary URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/actuary/ ISCO-08: 2120 · SOC: 15-2011 · Degree usually needed · Partly regulated Actuaries use mathematics, statistics and financial theory to measure and manage risk, especially in insurance, pensions and investment. Most have a degree in a highly numerical subject, such as mathematics, actuarial science or statistics, and then pass a long series of professional exams while working. They work for insurers, consultancies, banks, governments and regulators. ### What does an actuary do? - Build statistical models to estimate the chance and cost of events such as illness, accidents, deaths or natural disasters. - Calculate insurance prices and the reserves companies need to pay future claims. - Value pension schemes and advise employers on how much they need to pay in. - Test how organisations would cope with shocks such as market crashes or pandemics. - Check that insurers hold enough capital to meet the rules set by regulators. - Explain complex results clearly to managers, clients and regulators. Most actuaries work for life, health and general insurers, reinsurers, and consultancies that advise pension schemes and employers. Others work for banks, investment firms, government actuarial departments, social security agencies and financial regulators. A growing number use their skills in healthcare, data science and climate risk. The work is office-based, and hybrid working is common. Trainees combine a full-time job with study, which makes exam periods demanding. ### What skills do you need? - Probability and statistics - Financial mathematics - Risk modelling - Programming, for example R, Python or SQL - Advanced spreadsheets - Business and economic understanding - Explaining technical results in plain language - Professional judgement and ethics ### How do you become an actuary? Most actuaries have a degree in mathematics, actuarial science, statistics, economics, physics or engineering with strong mathematical content. Graduates join an employer as actuarial trainees or analysts and work through the exams of a professional actuarial body. Examples include the Society of Actuaries and the Casualty Actuarial Society in North America, and the Institute and Faculty of Actuaries, which has members in many countries. Qualifying usually takes several years of study alongside full-time work, and many employers give paid study leave. Some accredited degrees give exemptions from early exams. People in other numerical jobs can also start the exams later in their career. - **Actuarial science degree.** A degree in actuarial science covers probability, statistics, financial mathematics and insurance. Accredited programmes can give exemptions from some professional exams, which shortens the time to qualify. Internships with insurers or consultancies are important, because graduate hiring is competitive and employers look for proven interest. - **Other numerical degree.** Graduates in mathematics, statistics, physics, economics or engineering are widely hired as actuarial trainees. Employers look for strong mathematical ability and, increasingly, programming skills. Some candidates pass one or two professional exams before applying, which shows commitment and makes their application stronger. - **Apprenticeship or technician route.** In some countries, including the UK, school leavers can join actuarial apprenticeships or study for an actuarial technician qualification while working. These routes can lead to full qualification over time. They are less common than graduate entry, so check what employers offer in your country. ### Do you need a licence to work as an actuary? Actuarial work is partly regulated. The title actuary is usually linked to membership of a professional actuarial body, which sets exams, ethics codes and continuing training. In many countries, certain tasks are required by law to be done by a qualified actuary, such as signing off insurance reserves or pension scheme valuations, sometimes with an extra practising certificate. Some actuarial bodies have mutual recognition agreements. Check the rules of your national actuarial association and your insurance or pensions regulator. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$130,000 (BLS OEWS, SOC 15-2011) ### Job outlook Actuaries are needed wherever long-term financial risk has to be measured, so insurance, pensions and healthcare provide steady demand. New areas such as climate risk, cyber risk and longer life expectancy are widening the work. Data science and AI tools are changing how models are built, and data scientists now compete for some analytical tasks. However, regulated sign-off roles still require qualified actuaries. The profession is small and entry is competitive, but qualified actuaries are usually in steady demand. ### Frequently asked questions **How long does it take to become an actuary?** Becoming a fully qualified actuary usually takes several years after your degree, because you study for professional exams while working full time. The exact time depends on the actuarial body, your exemptions and how quickly you pass. Many people first reach an associate level and then continue towards fellowship, the full qualification, over the following years. **Are actuarial exams hard?** Yes, they are widely seen as very demanding. They cover advanced mathematics, statistics, finance and business applications, and each exam needs many weeks of study. It is common to fail some exams and retake them. Good time management, study support from your employer and steady practice make a big difference. **What degree do you need to be an actuary?** Most actuaries studied mathematics, actuarial science, statistics, economics, physics or engineering. The degree subject matters less than strong mathematical ability, because the professional exams are highly numerical. An accredited actuarial science degree can give exemptions from some exams, but graduates in other numerical subjects are also widely hired. **Can actuaries work in other countries?** Often yes, but it depends on your qualification and the local rules. Some actuarial bodies have mutual recognition agreements, so members can join another body with little or no extra study. Regulated roles, such as signing off insurance reserves, may require local membership or a practising certificate. International insurers and consultancies sometimes support moves between offices. ## Management consultant URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/management-consultant/ ISCO-08: 2421 · SOC: 13-1111 · Degree usually needed · No licence needed in most countries Management consultants help organisations solve problems and improve performance, for example by changing strategy, reducing costs, reorganising teams or introducing new technology. Many join a consulting firm straight after a degree through a competitive graduate programme, while others move in later with expertise from an industry. They work for large and small consulting firms, in-house strategy teams or as independent advisers. ### What does a management consultant do? - Interview managers, staff and customers to understand a problem. - Collect and analyse data on costs, markets and performance. - Develop options and recommendations, supported by business cases. - Present findings to senior leaders in reports and presentations. - Help clients put changes into practice and measure the results. - Write proposals and build relationships to win new projects. Consultants work for large international consultancies, specialist firms, the advisory teams of accounting firms, technology consultancies and internal consulting teams in governments and large companies. They usually work in small project teams, often at the client's offices, and travel can be frequent. Projects have tight deadlines, and long hours are common, especially in strategy work. Many experienced consultants later work independently or join client organisations. ### What skills do you need? - Structured problem solving - Data analysis and spreadsheets - Presentation and clear writing - Business and financial understanding - Project and time management - Building trust with clients - Knowledge of an industry or business function - Resilience under pressure ### How do you become a management consultant? Consulting firms hire graduates from many subjects, including business, economics, engineering, mathematics and the sciences, and they look for strong academic results. Recruitment is competitive and usually includes numerical tests and case interviews, where you work through a business problem live with an interviewer. Internships, student consulting clubs and leadership experience help your application. An MBA is a common way to join at a more senior level, especially for career changers. Experienced professionals from areas such as healthcare, technology, finance or human resources are also hired as specialist consultants. - **Graduate programme.** Large consultancies recruit final-year students and recent graduates into analyst or junior consultant roles. Applications usually involve online tests and several rounds of case interviews. A strong academic record, internships and evidence of leadership and teamwork are important. Some firms also run internships that can lead to job offers. - **MBA or master's degree.** Many consultants join after an MBA or a specialist master's, often a few years into another career. Business schools have strong links with consulting firms, and their graduates may enter at a higher level than first-degree graduates. This route is expensive and competitive, so research employer demand before you apply. - **Industry expert route.** Experienced professionals such as engineers, doctors, IT specialists, accountants or HR managers often join consultancies to advise on their own field. Their practical knowledge is valued, and they may enter at a senior level. Independent consulting is also possible once you have a strong network and a good reputation. ### Do you need a licence to work as a management consultant? Management consulting is not a regulated profession, so you do not need a licence and anyone can call themselves a consultant. Voluntary certification is available: national institutes in many countries award the Certified Management Consultant (CMC) title under a shared international standard. Some advice that consultants give, such as legal, audit or investment advice, is regulated separately. Consultants in firms that also audit a client must follow independence rules. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$101,860 (BLS OEWS, SOC 13-1111) ### Job outlook Organisations use consultants when they face major change, such as new technology, AI adoption, mergers, new regulation or pressure to cut costs and emissions. This keeps demand broad, but consulting budgets can be cut quickly in a downturn. AI tools are automating research, analysis and slide preparation, which may reduce some junior work. Clients increasingly value deep specialist knowledge and practical help with putting changes into place, not just reports. ### Frequently asked questions **What degree do you need to become a management consultant?** There is no single required degree. Consulting firms hire graduates in business, economics, engineering, mathematics, science, law and the humanities. They care most about strong grades, problem-solving ability, clear communication and evidence of leadership. Some specialist roles, for example in healthcare or technology consulting, prefer a related degree or work experience. **What is a case interview?** A case interview is a job interview in which you solve a business problem out loud, such as why a company's profits are falling or whether it should enter a new market. The interviewer tests how you structure the problem, work with numbers and explain your recommendation. Practising with sample cases and friends is the usual way to prepare. **Do you need an MBA to be a management consultant?** No. Many consultants join directly after a bachelor's or master's degree. An MBA is useful if you want to change career, join at a more senior level or move from a smaller firm to a larger one. It is expensive and competitive, so compare it with other ways to build business experience first. **Is management consulting a good career?** It can be, especially early in your career. You learn quickly, see many industries and build skills that employers value. The downsides are long hours, frequent travel and pressure to deliver results for demanding clients. Many people stay a few years and then move into senior roles in business, government or start-ups. ## Business analyst URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/business-analyst/ ISCO-08: 2421 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries Business analysts help organisations improve the way they work. They study processes and problems, talk to the people involved and define what a new system, service or change needs to do. Many have degrees in business, computing or economics, but people often move into the role from other jobs. They work in banks, technology firms, governments, consultancies and most large organisations. ### What does a business analyst do? - Interview users and managers to understand their needs and problems. - Map current processes and design better ones. - Write clear requirements, user stories and acceptance criteria. - Analyse data to measure problems and test possible solutions. - Work with developers, testers and project managers to deliver changes. - Check that finished solutions meet business needs and help users adopt them. Business analysts work in financial services, government, healthcare, telecommunications, retail, software companies and consultancies. They usually sit in IT, digital or change teams and work on projects that introduce new systems or processes. The work is mostly computer-based, with many meetings and workshops, and hybrid working is common. In some countries many experienced analysts work as contractors, moving between organisations for fixed-term projects. ### What skills do you need? - Gathering and documenting requirements - Process mapping and modelling - Data analysis with spreadsheets and SQL - Stakeholder management - Agile ways of working - Critical thinking - Clear writing - Running workshops and meetings ### How do you become a business analyst? There is no single route into business analysis. Many analysts have a degree in business, information systems, computer science or economics, and some join graduate schemes in banks, consultancies or government. However, many others move sideways from roles such as customer service, operations, finance or software testing, where they already understand how the business works. Learning SQL, process modelling and agile methods makes the switch easier. Certifications from bodies such as the International Institute of Business Analysis (IIBA), or BCS in the UK, can help, but they are rarely required. - **Degree and graduate scheme.** Degrees in business, information systems, computer science or economics teach useful analysis and technology skills. Some employers recruit graduates directly into analyst programmes, especially in banking, consulting and the public sector. Internships and projects that involve real users or real data strengthen your application. - **Internal move from another role.** This is one of the most common routes. People who know a business well, for example from customer service, operations or finance, take on small analysis tasks, join project teams and then apply for analyst roles. Short courses and an entry-level certification can support the move. - **Apprenticeship.** In some countries, including the UK, you can train as a business analyst through an apprenticeship, combining work with part-time study. Apprentices learn requirements, process modelling and data skills on real projects. This route suits school leavers and career changers who want to earn while they learn. ### Do you need a licence to work as a business analyst? Business analysis is not a regulated profession, so you do not need a licence to work in it. Voluntary certifications are available from professional bodies such as IIBA, which offers qualifications for different career stages, and BCS in the UK. Some employers ask for them, especially for contract roles. Analysts in sectors such as banking, health or government must also understand the regulations that affect their projects, such as data protection rules. ### Job outlook Organisations keep changing their systems and processes because of new technology, AI, customer expectations and regulation, so business analysts are needed in most sectors. AI tools can now draft requirements and summarise data, which shifts the value of the role towards understanding people, asking the right questions and judging trade-offs. The job overlaps with product owner and data analyst roles, and some employers combine them. Contract work rises and falls with project budgets. ### Frequently asked questions **What does a business analyst do?** A business analyst finds out what an organisation needs and makes sure changes deliver it. In practice, that means interviewing users, mapping processes, writing requirements, analysing data and working with technical teams. The aim is to solve the right problem in a way that works for both the business and the people who use the system. **Do business analysts need to know how to code?** Usually not. Most business analyst jobs do not involve programming, but you need to understand how software is built and explain needs clearly to developers. Basic SQL and strong spreadsheet skills are very useful for analysing data. Technical analysts in software or data teams may need more programming knowledge. **How can I become a business analyst with no experience?** Start by using analysis in your current job or studies: map a process, suggest improvements or join a project team. Learn the basics of requirements, process modelling, SQL and agile methods through courses, and consider an entry-level certification. Graduate schemes and apprenticeships are the main routes for people without work experience. **What is the difference between a business analyst and a data analyst?** A data analyst mainly works with data to find patterns and answer questions, using tools such as SQL, spreadsheets and statistics. A business analyst focuses on processes and requirements, working with people to define what needs to change. The roles overlap, and many business analysts use data analysis as one of their tools. ## Marketing manager URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/marketing-manager/ ISCO-08: 1221 · SOC: 11-2021 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries Marketing managers plan and lead the work that makes people aware of a product, service or organisation and persuades them to choose it. Most have a degree in marketing, business or a related subject and reach the role after several years in junior marketing jobs. They work for companies of every size, marketing agencies, charities, universities and public bodies. ### What does a marketing manager do? - Research customers, competitors and market trends. - Set marketing strategy, goals and budgets. - Plan campaigns across digital channels, print, TV, radio and events. - Lead a marketing team and manage agencies and freelancers. - Work with sales, product and finance teams on launches and pricing. - Measure results and adjust plans based on data. - Protect the brand and make sure messages are consistent and legal. Marketing managers work in consumer goods, retail, technology, financial services, healthcare, travel and education, as well as for charities and governments. Some work in marketing agencies, managing campaigns for several clients. The job is mostly office-based, and hybrid working is common. Deadlines around product launches and campaigns can be intense, and some roles involve travel for events, agency meetings or regional teams. ### What skills do you need? - Marketing strategy and planning - Market research and customer insight - Budget management - Digital marketing and analytics - Brand management - Leading and developing a team - Creative thinking - Communication and negotiation ### How do you become a marketing manager? Marketing manager is not usually an entry-level job. Most people start as a marketing assistant, executive or coordinator after a degree in marketing, business, communications, psychology or another subject, then take on more responsibility over several years. Professional qualifications from bodies such as the Chartered Institute of Marketing, or from national marketing associations, can help you progress. People also move into marketing from sales, journalism, design or data roles. A record of campaigns with clear, measurable results matters more to employers than any single qualification. - **Degree and junior marketing role.** A degree in marketing, business or communications teaches the basics of consumer behaviour, research and strategy. Graduates usually start in assistant or executive roles, and internships make it easier to get the first job. Promotion to manager typically follows a few years of good results. - **Move from a related field.** Sales, customer service, journalism, design and data analysis all build skills that marketing teams need. Many people move into marketing within their own organisation, starting with a specialist task such as social media or events. Short courses or a professional certificate can support the change. - **Master's or MBA.** A master's in marketing or an MBA can help graduates from other subjects enter the field, or speed up progress into senior roles. These programmes are most useful when combined with internships or work experience. They are expensive, so compare them with professional qualifications that you can study while working. ### Do you need a licence to work as a marketing manager? Marketing is not a regulated profession, so you do not need a licence. However, marketing managers must follow laws and codes on advertising, consumer protection and data privacy, which differ between countries and are especially strict in the European Union. Extra rules often apply to marketing medicines, alcohol, financial products, gambling and products for children. Many countries also have advertising standards bodies that deal with complaints. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$166,790 (BLS OEWS, SOC 11-2021) ### Job outlook Every organisation that sells products or services needs marketing, so demand is spread across the economy. However, marketing budgets are often cut quickly in a downturn. AI tools now create content, target ads and automate reports, which changes what teams need. Managers who understand data, customers, brand and ethics, and who can lead people through change, are likely to stay in demand. Competition for management roles is strong, and proven results count. ### Frequently asked questions **What qualifications do you need to be a marketing manager?** Most marketing managers have a degree in marketing, business, communications or a related subject, but experience matters more than the degree title. Employers want proof that you have planned campaigns, managed budgets and delivered results. Professional qualifications from marketing institutes and a portfolio of work can help, especially if your degree is in another subject. **How long does it take to become a marketing manager?** It usually takes several years of experience after your first marketing job. Most people work as an assistant, executive or specialist first, learning campaign planning, analytics and budget control. Progress can be faster in small organisations or start-ups, where you take on wider responsibility early, and slower in large companies with more levels. **What is the difference between a marketing manager and a digital marketer?** A digital marketer usually specialises in online channels such as search, social media, email and paid ads, and spends much of the day running and analysing campaigns. A marketing manager takes a wider view: setting strategy, managing the budget and team, and coordinating all channels, including offline activity. Many marketing managers started as digital marketers. **Is marketing a good career?** Marketing suits people who enjoy both creative and analytical work. It offers roles in almost every industry and country, and skills transfer well between employers. The downsides are pressure to show results, frequent changes in tools and platforms, and budget cuts in difficult economic times. Continuous learning is part of the job. ## Digital marketer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/digital-marketer/ ISCO-08: 2431 · SOC: 13-1161 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries Digital marketers promote products, services and organisations online through search engines, social media, email, websites and online advertising. Many have degrees in marketing, business or media, but employers also hire people who can show results from courses, certifications or their own projects. They work in company marketing teams, digital agencies and as freelancers for clients around the world. ### What does a digital marketer do? - Plan, run and improve online advertising campaigns. - Improve websites and content so they rank higher in search results. - Create and schedule content for social media, email and websites. - Analyse website and campaign data to see what works. - Test different messages, images and landing pages to improve results. - Manage advertising budgets and report results to managers or clients. - Keep up with changes to platforms, search engines and privacy rules. Digital marketers work in in-house teams in online retail, technology, travel, education, finance and charities, and in digital and advertising agencies that serve many clients. Freelancing is common, because the work can be done anywhere with a computer and an internet connection. Most roles are office-based or remote. Campaigns run continuously, so some roles involve checking results outside normal hours, especially during launches or busy sales periods. ### What skills do you need? - Search engine optimisation (SEO) - Paid search and social media advertising - Web and campaign analytics - Writing content for the web - Social media management - Email marketing and automation - Data analysis and testing - Creativity and curiosity ### How do you become a digital marketer? Many digital marketers have a degree in marketing, business, communications, media or psychology, but practical skills often matter more than the degree. Common first jobs include digital marketing assistant, social media assistant or junior roles in agencies, and internships help. You can build skills through online courses and free certifications from major advertising and analytics platforms. Running your own website, blog or social media channel gives you real results to show. People often move in from writing, sales, design or data roles, and some countries offer digital marketing apprenticeships. - **University degree.** A degree in marketing, business, communications or media teaches consumer behaviour, research and strategy, and some courses include digital marketing modules and work placements. A degree can help with graduate schemes, larger employers and work visas. Add practical projects so you can show employers real campaign results. - **Apprenticeship or entry-level job.** In some countries, including the UK, you can learn digital marketing through an apprenticeship while working. Elsewhere, junior roles in agencies and small businesses often accept candidates with strong practical skills and a willingness to learn. Agencies are a good place to learn many tools quickly. - **Self-taught or freelance.** Online courses, platform certifications and your own projects can lead to paid work, especially with small businesses. A portfolio that shows the website visits, enquiries or sales you helped create is essential. This route is competitive, and income from freelancing can be irregular at first. ### Do you need a licence to work as a digital marketer? Digital marketing is not a regulated profession, so you do not need a licence. However, the work must follow laws on advertising, consumer protection and data privacy, including rules on cookies, tracking and consent for marketing emails. These rules differ between countries and are especially strict in the European Union. Many countries also require influencers and brands to label paid posts clearly as advertising. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$78,760 (BLS OEWS, SOC 13-1161) ### Job outlook Most organisations now depend on online channels to find customers, so digital marketing skills are needed across the economy. However, the field changes quickly. AI tools generate content and automate ad buying, AI assistants are changing how people search, and privacy rules limit tracking. Routine content and campaign tasks are the most exposed to automation. People who combine strategy, data analysis, creative testing and an understanding of customers are likely to stay in demand. Easy entry means junior roles are competitive. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need a degree to become a digital marketer?** No. Many employers hire digital marketers without a degree if they can show practical skills and results, for example from their own website, social media projects or freelance work. A degree in marketing, business or media can still help with graduate schemes, larger employers and work visas, and it gives you a broader understanding of marketing. **How can I get into digital marketing with no experience?** Start by learning the basics through free online courses and platform certifications. Then practise: build a simple website, grow a social media account, or help a local business or charity with its online marketing. Record what you did and the results. Internships, apprenticeships and junior agency roles are good first steps. **Which digital marketing skills are most in demand?** Employers often look for data analysis, paid advertising, search engine optimisation and content creation, together with the ability to test ideas and measure results. Understanding how AI tools and privacy rules affect marketing is increasingly important. Specialists in one area who also understand the wider marketing picture tend to have the best prospects. **Will AI replace digital marketers?** AI tools already write basic content, create images, set bids for ads and produce reports, so some routine tasks are disappearing. However, someone still needs to set the strategy, understand customers, check AI output for accuracy and brand fit, and decide what to test. Digital marketers who learn to use AI well are likely to become more valuable, not less. ## Human resources officer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/human-resources-officer/ ISCO-08: 2423 · SOC: 13-1071 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries Human resources (HR) officers look after the people side of an organisation, including recruitment, contracts, pay and benefits, training, employee relations and workplace policies. Many have a degree in business, psychology, law or a social science, while others start as HR assistants and qualify while working. They work for most medium and large employers, and for recruitment and HR consultancy firms. ### What does a human resources officer do? - Advertise jobs, screen applications and organise interviews. - Prepare contracts and help new staff settle in. - Advise managers and employees on policies, pay, leave and working conditions. - Support disciplinary, grievance and absence cases fairly and within the law. - Organise training, development and performance reviews. - Keep employee records accurate, secure and confidential. - Collect and report workforce data to support planning. HR officers work in almost every sector, including government, healthcare, education, manufacturing, retail, technology and finance. Others work for recruitment agencies, HR consultancies and companies that provide HR services to other employers. The work is mainly office-based, hybrid working is common, and hours are usually regular. Some tasks, such as handling dismissals, redundancies or complaints, can be emotionally demanding. ### What skills do you need? - Knowledge of employment law and HR policy - Recruitment and interviewing - Listening and clear communication - Confidentiality and discretion - Handling conflict fairly - HR systems and workforce data - Organisation and administration - Ethical judgement ### How do you become a human resources officer? Many people start in HR as an administrator, assistant or recruitment coordinator and progress to officer level. A degree in human resource management, business, psychology, law or sociology is helpful, and some employers run HR graduate schemes. Professional qualifications strengthen your prospects: examples include CIPD qualifications in the UK and Ireland, SHRM and HRCI certifications in the United States, and those of national HR institutes in other countries. Career changers from administration, customer service, management or recruitment often move in through junior roles. Because employment law differs between countries, local knowledge is important. - **University degree.** A degree in human resource management, business, psychology or a related subject gives you a foundation in organisational behaviour, employment law and people management. Some programmes are accredited by professional HR bodies, which can shorten later qualifications. Placements and part-time work in HR teams help you get the first job. - **Entry-level role or apprenticeship.** You can start as an HR administrator or assistant, or as an apprentice in countries that offer HR apprenticeships, such as the UK. These roles teach you the basics of records, recruitment and policy. Many employers then support you to take a professional HR qualification while working. - **Career change with a professional qualification.** People with experience in management, administration, training or recruitment can move into HR by taking a professional qualification or a master's in human resource management. Experience of managing people and dealing with workplace issues is valued. Starting at a junior level in HR is common, even for experienced career changers. ### Do you need a licence to work as a human resources officer? Human resources is not a regulated profession, so you do not need a licence to work in it. Professional bodies offer voluntary qualifications and certifications, and some employers ask for them. HR officers must apply employment, equality, data protection and health and safety laws, which vary widely between countries. In some countries, businesses that recruit workers for other employers, especially for jobs abroad, need a government licence. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$75,940 (BLS OEWS, SOC 13-1071) ### Job outlook Every employer needs to recruit, pay, develop and support its staff, so HR work exists across the economy, although hiring slows when organisations cut jobs. HR software and AI now handle much administration, screening of applications and routine questions, which raises important questions about fairness and privacy. HR officers who understand data, employment law and employee wellbeing, and who can advise managers well, are likely to stay in demand. Some routine HR work is moving to shared service centres. ### Frequently asked questions **What qualifications do you need to work in HR?** Many HR officers have a degree in human resource management, business, psychology or a related subject, but it is not always required. Professional qualifications, such as those from CIPD in the UK or SHRM in the United States, are often more important for progression. Employers also value practical experience, knowledge of local employment law and good judgement. **Can you get into HR without a degree?** Yes. Many people start as HR administrators, recruitment coordinators or apprentices and learn on the job. Taking a professional HR qualification while working helps you move up to officer and manager roles. A degree can make it easier to join graduate schemes and some larger employers, but experience and qualifications can replace it. **What does an HR officer do day to day?** A typical day might include answering questions from staff and managers, updating employee records, organising interviews, preparing contracts and supporting a manager with a performance or absence case. HR officers also work on projects, such as new policies, training programmes or wellbeing initiatives. The balance depends on the size of the organisation. **Is HR a good career?** HR suits people who are interested in how organisations work and enjoy helping others. It offers jobs in almost every sector and a clear path into management. The challenges include difficult conversations, balancing the interests of staff and the employer, and keeping up with changing laws. Because employment law differs by country, moving abroad may require retraining. ## Project manager URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/project-manager/ ISCO-08: 1219 · SOC: 13-1082 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries Project managers plan, organise and lead projects so they are finished on time, within budget and to the agreed standard. Projects range from new buildings and IT systems to product launches and public services. Most move into project management after gaining experience in another role, and many take certifications such as PMP or PRINCE2. They work in almost every industry. ### What does a project manager do? - Agree the goals, scope and expected results of a project with sponsors and clients. - Create plans, schedules and budgets. - Lead and coordinate project teams, suppliers and contractors. - Identify risks and issues early and decide how to deal with them. - Track progress and report to stakeholders. - Manage changes to scope, cost or timing. - Close projects and record lessons for future work. Project managers work in construction, engineering, IT, finance, healthcare, government, international development, marketing and manufacturing. Some are permanent employees, while many experienced project managers work as contractors on fixed-term projects. Most work in offices, often with hybrid arrangements, and construction or engineering roles include site visits. Pressure increases as deadlines approach, and project managers are held responsible when things go wrong. ### What skills do you need? - Planning and scheduling - Budget and cost control - Risk management - Leadership and team coordination - Stakeholder communication - Negotiation and problem solving - Project methods such as agile and waterfall - Project management software ### How do you become a project manager? Project management is rarely a first job. Most people gain experience in a field, such as engineering, IT, marketing or administration, then take on coordination tasks and move into project roles. A degree in business, engineering, computer science or economics is common, and some universities offer degrees and master's in project management. Certifications are widely requested: examples include PMP from the Project Management Institute, which requires several years of project experience, and PRINCE2, which is popular in the UK, Europe and Australia. Entry-level certifications and agile courses can help career changers get a first coordinator role. - **Degree and coordinator role.** A degree in business, engineering, computer science or a related subject, followed by a job as a project coordinator, administrator or assistant, is a common path. You learn planning, reporting and stakeholder management while supporting experienced project managers. Promotion to project manager usually follows a few years of experience. - **Move from a specialist role.** Many project managers were engineers, developers, marketers, nurses or teachers who began to lead projects in their own field. Their technical knowledge helps them understand the work and earn the team's trust. Adding a recognised certification helps them move into full-time project roles. - **Apprenticeship or certification route.** In some countries, including the UK, you can train through a project management apprenticeship while working. Elsewhere, entry-level certifications such as CAPM or PRINCE2 Foundation, combined with any experience of organising work, can help you get a junior role. Practical experience still matters most to employers. ### Do you need a licence to work as a project manager? Project management is not a regulated profession, so you do not need a licence to work as a project manager. Certifications such as PMP, PRINCE2 and agile qualifications are voluntary, although many job adverts ask for them. In some fields, the project itself must follow other regulations. For example, construction projects must meet building and safety rules, and certain approvals must be signed by licensed engineers or other regulated professionals. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$102,320 (BLS OEWS, SOC 13-1082) ### Job outlook Organisations increasingly organise work as projects, from infrastructure and energy to software, healthcare and public services, so project management skills are needed across the economy. Investment in digital change, renewable energy and infrastructure supports demand in many countries. AI tools can help with scheduling, reporting and risk tracking, but leading people and managing stakeholders remain human work. Demand for IT and consulting projects rises and falls with budgets, and combining industry knowledge with project skills improves your prospects. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need a degree to become a project manager?** Not always. Many project managers have a degree, and some employers and sectors expect one, especially in engineering and IT. However, experience of delivering projects often matters more. People without a degree can progress through coordinator roles, apprenticeships and certifications, and build a record of successful projects. **Which project management certification is best?** It depends on where you work and in which sector. PMP is recognised internationally and is popular in North America, the Middle East and Asia. PRINCE2 is common in the UK, Europe and Australia, especially in the public sector. Agile certifications are useful in software and digital teams. Check which ones appear in job adverts in your target country. **Can you become a project manager with no experience?** It is difficult to start directly as a project manager, because employers want evidence that you can deliver. A better approach is to get a project coordinator or assistant role, or to volunteer for small projects in your current job. An entry-level certification shows interest, and experience of organising events, teams or changes also counts. **What is the difference between a project manager and a programme manager?** A project manager leads a single project with a clear goal, budget and end date. A programme manager oversees a group of related projects that together deliver a larger change or benefit, such as a new national service. Programme management is usually a more senior role that focuses on strategy, links between projects and benefits. ## Supply chain manager URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/supply-chain-manager/ ISCO-08: 1324 · SOC: 11-3071 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries Supply chain managers organise the flow of goods, from buying raw materials to delivering finished products to customers. They balance cost, speed, quality and risk across suppliers, factories, warehouses and transport. Many have a degree in business, logistics, engineering or economics, while others work their way up from warehouse, purchasing or planning jobs. They work for manufacturers, retailers, logistics companies and public bodies. ### What does a supply chain manager do? - Forecast demand and plan stock levels and production. - Choose suppliers and negotiate prices, contracts and delivery terms. - Organise transport and warehousing, often across borders. - Track costs, delivery times and stock levels using data and reports. - Identify risks such as supplier failure, disasters or trade disputes, and prepare backup plans. - Work with sales, finance and production teams to meet customer needs. - Reduce waste, emissions and ethical risks across the supply chain. Supply chain managers work for manufacturers, retailers, online shops, food and drink producers, pharmaceutical companies, logistics and shipping firms, humanitarian organisations, armed forces and governments. The work is based in offices, warehouses or factories, and hybrid working is possible in some roles. Supply chains cross time zones, so calls with suppliers in other countries are common. Delays, shortages and transport problems can need urgent action outside normal hours. ### What skills do you need? - Demand planning and forecasting - Procurement and negotiation - Logistics and inventory management - Data analysis and spreadsheets - Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems - Knowledge of customs and trade rules - Problem solving under pressure - Leadership and communication ### How do you become a supply chain manager? Many supply chain managers have a degree in supply chain management, logistics, business, economics, engineering or mathematics. Large manufacturers and retailers run graduate schemes that rotate trainees through planning, purchasing and logistics. Others start in operational roles, such as warehouse supervisor, buyer, planner or logistics coordinator, and are promoted over time. Professional qualifications help at every stage: examples include CIPS for procurement, CILT for logistics and transport, and ASCM certifications in supply chain planning. People from the armed forces or other operations roles often move in with useful logistics experience. - **University degree.** Degrees in supply chain management, logistics, business, economics or engineering teach planning, operations and data analysis. Many include placements with manufacturers, retailers or logistics firms. Graduate schemes in large companies are a common entry point and can lead to management roles within a few years. - **Work up from operations.** Many managers start in warehouses, transport, purchasing or planning, sometimes through apprenticeships or vocational courses. Practical knowledge of how goods move is highly valued. Taking professional qualifications while working helps you progress from supervisor to manager. This route suits people who prefer to learn on the job and earn from the start. - **Master's or professional qualification.** A master's in supply chain management or logistics can help graduates in other subjects, or experienced staff, move into planning and management roles. Professional certifications from bodies such as CIPS, CILT or ASCM can be studied part time and are recognised by employers in many countries. ### Do you need a licence to work as a supply chain manager? Supply chain management is not a regulated profession, so you do not need a licence. Some related activities are regulated: in many countries customs brokers need a licence, people who handle or ship dangerous goods need certified training, and transport operators need permits. Food and medicine supply chains must also follow strict safety and traceability rules. Professional certifications are voluntary but valued by employers. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$107,230 (BLS OEWS, SOC 11-3071) ### Job outlook Recent disruptions, such as the pandemic, conflicts, extreme weather and trade tensions, showed how important resilient supply chains are and raised the profile of the role. Companies are investing in automation, tracking technology and AI forecasting, so data skills are increasingly important. Pressure to cut emissions and to check suppliers for labour and environmental standards is creating new work. Some companies are moving production closer to their customers, which changes trade routes and the skills they need. ### Frequently asked questions **What degree do you need to become a supply chain manager?** Supply chain management, logistics, business, economics and engineering are the most common degrees. However, many managers do not have a specific supply chain degree and learned on the job. Employers value practical experience, analytical skills and professional qualifications, so a degree is helpful but not the only route into the career. **What is the difference between logistics and supply chain management?** Logistics is the part of the supply chain that moves and stores goods, including transport, warehousing and distribution. Supply chain management is wider: it also covers forecasting, buying from suppliers, planning production and managing relationships across the whole chain. Many people start in logistics and move into wider supply chain roles. **Is supply chain management a good career?** It offers varied work, clear progression and jobs in almost every industry and country, because every organisation that makes, sells or delivers goods needs it. The work can be stressful when problems disrupt deliveries, and some roles involve early starts or shifts. People who enjoy solving practical problems and working with data often find it rewarding. **Which certifications help in supply chain management?** Well-known options include CIPS qualifications in procurement and supply, CILT qualifications in logistics and transport, and ASCM certifications in supply chain planning and operations. Which one is most useful depends on your country and area of work. Check local job adverts to see which certifications employers ask for. ## Financial planner URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/financial-planner/ ISCO-08: 2412 · SOC: 13-2052 · Degree often expected · Licensed profession in most countries Financial planners help individuals and families manage their money and plan for goals such as buying a home, paying for education and retirement. They review clients' finances and recommend savings, investments, insurance and pension arrangements. In most countries you must pass approved exams and be authorised, or work for an authorised firm, before you can give financial advice to the public. ### What does a financial planner do? - Meet clients to understand their goals, finances and attitude to risk. - Analyse income, spending, debts, savings, investments, pensions and insurance. - Build financial plans and explain the options in plain language. - Recommend suitable products and record why they suit each client. - Review plans regularly as clients' lives and markets change. - Follow rules on suitability, fees, disclosure and anti-money laundering checks. - Build a client base through referrals and networking. Financial planners work for independent advice firms, banks, wealth management firms, insurers and accounting firms. Many are self-employed or partners in small practices. The work is office-based, with client meetings in person or online, and some meetings take place in the evening to suit clients. Depending on the country and the firm, planners may be paid a salary, client fees, commission or a mix, and income can depend on building a client base. ### What skills do you need? - Knowledge of investments, pensions, tax and insurance - Financial analysis and planning - Listening and building trust - Explaining complex ideas simply - Ethics and regulatory compliance - Relationship building and sales - Financial planning software - Attention to detail ### How do you become a financial planner? A degree in finance, economics, accounting or business is common but not always required. Many people start in support roles, such as client assistant or paraplanner, before becoming advisers. The key step is passing the qualifications your national regulator requires and becoming authorised, or working for an authorised firm. Requirements differ: for example, the United States uses licensing exams and registration with state or federal regulators, while Australia requires an approved degree, an exam and a supervised professional year. Many planners also gain the Certified Financial Planner (CFP) certification, which is available in many countries. People from banking, insurance and accounting often move in. - **Degree and trainee role.** A degree in finance, economics, accounting or financial planning gives you a strong technical base. Some degrees are approved by professional or regulatory bodies, which means they count towards the qualifications you need. Graduates often join banks or advice firms as trainees or paraplanners and qualify as advisers over time. - **Move from banking, insurance or accounting.** People who already work in a bank, insurer or accounting firm often move into financial planning. They take the exams required by the regulator and learn to give full advice under supervision. Existing knowledge of financial products and experience with clients make the change easier. - **Professional certification.** The CFP certification is offered through national bodies in many countries and is widely respected. It usually requires education, an exam, work experience and a commitment to ethics. It is voluntary in most places, but it shows clients and employers a high standard of knowledge and conduct. ### Do you need a licence to work as a financial planner? Financial planning is a licensed activity in most countries. Before you give financial advice to the public, you usually need to pass approved exams and be authorised or registered with the national financial regulator, either personally or through your firm. You must then meet ongoing training, conduct and record-keeping rules. Some countries protect titles such as financial adviser or financial planner, and some restrict commission payments. Requirements vary a lot, so check your national regulator's rules. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$105,070 (BLS OEWS, SOC 13-2052) ### Job outlook Ageing populations, more personal responsibility for retirement savings and growing wealth in many countries increase the need for financial advice. At the same time, digital platforms and automated advice services now handle many simple investment decisions, so human planners focus more on complex situations and long-term relationships. Stricter qualification rules in some countries have reduced the number of advisers. Building a client base takes time, and trust and reputation are essential. ### Frequently asked questions **What qualifications do you need to become a financial planner?** It depends on the country. Most regulators require you to pass approved exams before advising the public, and some also require a relevant degree or supervised experience. You then need to be authorised or work for an authorised firm. Many planners add a voluntary certification such as the CFP to show a higher level of expertise. **What is the difference between a financial planner and a financial adviser?** The titles are often used in the same way. In general, a financial planner looks at a client's whole financial situation and long-term goals, while a financial adviser may focus on recommending specific products such as investments, pensions or insurance. In some countries the titles have legal meanings, so check how your regulator uses them. **Do financial advisers need a licence?** In most countries, yes. Giving personal financial advice to the public is regulated to protect consumers, so advisers must pass approved exams and be authorised or registered, personally or through their firm. The name of the licence and the exams differ between countries. Giving advice without the right authorisation can be a serious offence. **Is financial planning a good career?** It can be rewarding if you enjoy working with people and helping them reach their goals. There is steady demand for trusted advice, and experienced planners can run their own firms. However, qualification requirements are demanding, building a client base takes time, and in some roles your income depends on sales or fees. Rules also change regularly. ## Economist URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/economist/ ISCO-08: 2631 · SOC: 19-3011 · Degree required · No licence needed in most countries Economists study how people, businesses and governments use resources, and analyse data to explain and forecast trends such as growth, prices, jobs and trade. You need at least a bachelor's degree in economics or a closely related subject, and many roles ask for a master's or PhD. Economists work for governments, central banks, international organisations, banks, consultancies, think tanks and universities. ### What does an economist do? - Collect and analyse economic data using statistical methods. - Build models to forecast growth, inflation, employment or demand. - Assess the likely effects of policies, taxes, regulations or projects. - Write reports, briefings and research papers. - Explain findings to policymakers, managers, clients or the media. - Follow economic news and new research in their field. Economists work in government ministries, statistics offices, central banks and international organisations such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and United Nations agencies. Others work for banks, investment firms, consultancies, think tanks, large companies and universities. Most work is office-based, and many employers offer hybrid working. Deadlines can be tight around data releases, budgets and policy decisions, and roles in international organisations may involve travel. ### What skills do you need? - Economic theory - Econometrics and statistics - Programming for data analysis, for example R or Python - Mathematical modelling - Research and critical thinking - Clear writing - Explaining complex findings simply - Understanding of policy and institutions ### How do you become an economist? Most economists start with a bachelor's degree in economics, or in a subject with strong economics, mathematics and statistics content. Many professional roles, especially in central banks, international organisations and research, require a master's degree, and academic and senior research posts usually need a PhD. Some governments run graduate schemes for economists, such as the UK Government Economic Service. Internships and research assistant posts are valuable first steps. Graduates in mathematics, statistics or finance can move into economics by taking a master's degree, sometimes after preparatory courses in economic theory. - **Bachelor's degree and graduate job.** A bachelor's degree in economics can lead to analyst or assistant economist roles in government, banks, consultancies and businesses. Strong results in mathematics, statistics and econometrics are important. Internships and research projects help you show that you can work with real data and explain what it means. - **Master's degree.** A one- or two-year master's in economics or a specialist field, such as development, finance or environmental economics, is expected for many professional economist jobs. It deepens your skills in theory, econometrics and research. It also helps graduates in related subjects move into economics. - **PhD and research.** A PhD usually takes three to six years, depending on the country, and leads to careers in universities, central banks, international organisations and research institutes. It suits people who want to produce original research. Competition for academic posts is strong, but technology firms and consultancies also hire PhD economists. ### Do you need a licence to work as an economist? Economics is not a regulated profession in most countries, so you do not need a licence, and the title economist is usually not legally protected. A few countries, for example some in Latin America, require economists to register with a professional body. In most places, employers set their own requirements, and many economist jobs ask for specific degrees. If an economist gives investment advice to the public, the rules for financial advisers apply. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$124,720 (BLS OEWS, SOC 19-3011) ### Job outlook Governments, central banks and financial firms need economists to understand growth, inflation, trade, labour markets and public spending, so demand is steady, although the profession is fairly small. Technology companies also hire economists to work on pricing, online markets and experiments. Climate change, ageing populations and AI are creating new research questions. AI tools speed up data work, and economists increasingly compete with data scientists, so strong programming and data skills improve prospects. Entry to top institutions is very competitive. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need a master's degree to become an economist?** Not always, but it helps a lot. Some analyst and assistant economist jobs accept a good bachelor's degree, especially in government and business. Many central banks, international organisations and research roles expect a master's, and university teaching and senior research posts usually require a PhD. The more research a role involves, the more likely you are to need postgraduate study. **What does an economist do day to day?** Most economists spend much of the day working with data: cleaning it, running models and interpreting the results. They also read research, write reports and briefings, and present findings to colleagues, clients or policymakers. In government or business, the work is often linked to real decisions, such as budgets, prices or investments. **What is the difference between an economist and a financial analyst?** Economists study the wider economy or markets, such as growth, inflation, employment and the effects of policy. Financial analysts focus on the performance and value of specific companies, investments or projects. Both use data and forecasting, and some economists work in banks and investment firms, where the two roles overlap. **Is it hard to get a job as an economist?** Entry-level jobs with the title economist are competitive, because there are fewer of them than there are economics graduates. Many graduates start as analysts in finance, consulting, government or business instead. Strong mathematics, statistics and programming skills, a relevant master's degree and internships improve your chances considerably. ## Lawyer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/lawyer/ ISCO-08: 2611 · SOC: 23-1011 · Degree required · Licensed profession in most countries Lawyers advise people, businesses and governments on their legal rights and duties, draft legal documents and represent clients in negotiations and in court. In most countries you study law as a first university degree and then pass professional exams or training, while in the United States law is a graduate degree. Lawyers work in law firms, companies, government and non-profit organisations. ### What does a lawyer do? - Advise clients on their legal rights, duties and options. - Research laws, regulations and earlier court decisions that apply to a case. - Draft and review contracts, wills and other legal documents. - Negotiate settlements and agreements on behalf of clients. - Prepare cases and present arguments in courts and tribunals. - Help organisations understand and follow the laws that apply to them. Lawyers work in private law firms of every size, in the legal departments of companies and banks, and for governments, courts, prosecution services and non-profit organisations. Some work alone or in small partnerships that serve local clients. Most of the work is office-based, with time in court, at meetings or with clients. Long hours are common, especially in large commercial firms and before trials or deal deadlines. ### What skills do you need? - Legal research and analysis - Clear and precise writing - Persuasive speaking and negotiation - Attention to detail - Critical thinking and sound judgement - Professional ethics and discretion - Commercial awareness - Managing heavy workloads and deadlines ### How do you become a lawyer? In most of the world, including the UK and civil-law countries such as France, Germany and Brazil, you study law as a first degree that lasts three to five years. In the United States and most of Canada, law is a graduate degree: you first complete a bachelor's degree in any subject and then a three-year Juris Doctor (JD). After your studies, most countries require you to pass a bar exam or other professional exams, often with a period of supervised practical training. Graduates in other subjects can often switch through a law conversion course or a JD. - **Law as a first degree.** In most countries you can start a law degree straight after school. It usually lasts three to five years and covers core areas such as contract, criminal, constitutional and property law. You then complete professional exams, a vocational course or a traineeship before you are admitted as a lawyer. - **Graduate law degree (JD).** In the United States and most of Canada, you need a bachelor's degree in any subject before law school. The Juris Doctor usually takes three years of full-time study. In the United States you must then pass a state bar exam, and in Canada provincial licensing usually includes exams and a period of supervised work called articling. - **Conversion course or apprenticeship.** Graduates in other subjects can often retrain through a law conversion course or a shortened second degree in law. In England and Wales, you can also qualify as a solicitor through a long apprenticeship with a law firm, which combines paid work with study. These routes still end with the same professional exams. ### Do you need a licence to work as a lawyer? Law is a licensed profession almost everywhere. To practise, you must be admitted by a bar association, law society, court or national regulator, usually after passing exams and character checks. Admission applies to one jurisdiction, so moving to another country, or in the United States to another state, often means more exams. In several legal systems, such as England and Wales and Ireland, the profession is split between solicitors and barristers. Check the rules with the regulator where you plan to work. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$159,670 (BLS OEWS, SOC 23-1011) ### Job outlook People, businesses and governments keep needing advice on contracts, disputes, regulation, employment, data protection and crime, so demand for lawyers is steady in most countries. Competition for training places and jobs at large firms is intense, and many law graduates build careers outside law. AI tools are taking over some research, document review and drafting that junior lawyers used to do, so employers increasingly value judgement, client skills and specialist knowledge. Legal qualifications are tied to one country, which limits mobility. ### Frequently asked questions **How long does it take to become a lawyer?** It depends on the country. Where law is a first degree, it usually takes three to five years of study plus one to three years of professional exams and training. In the United States, you need a four-year bachelor's degree, a three-year JD and the bar exam, so about seven years after school. In countries with long practical training, such as Germany, it can also take around seven years. **Can you become a lawyer without a law degree?** It depends on the country. In the United States and Canada, your first degree can be in any subject, but you then need a JD from a law school. In England and Wales, graduates in any subject can qualify through a conversion course or the solicitor exams, and solicitor apprenticeships accept school leavers. In most civil-law countries, such as France and Germany, a law degree is essential. **What is the difference between a solicitor and a barrister?** In countries with a split legal profession, such as England and Wales, Ireland and parts of Australia, solicitors usually advise clients directly, handle documents and transactions, and prepare cases. Barristers specialise in arguing cases in court and giving expert legal opinions, and they are often self-employed and hired through a solicitor. The line has blurred over time, and in most other countries one lawyer can do both types of work. **Can a lawyer practise law in another country?** Not automatically. Law qualifications are linked to one legal system, so you usually need to pass extra exams or a transfer test and meet local admission rules. Some countries let foreign lawyers advise on the law of their home country. International law firms, arbitration and in-house roles in multinational companies also offer ways to work abroad. Check the rules with the regulator in the country you plan to move to. ## Paralegal URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/paralegal/ ISCO-08: 3411 · SOC: 23-2011 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries Paralegals do legal work under the supervision of lawyers, such as research, drafting documents and managing case files. You do not usually need a licence, and people enter with law degrees, paralegal certificates, vocational training or experience in legal administration. Most paralegals work in law firms, company legal departments and government offices. ### What does a paralegal do? - Research laws, regulations and earlier cases for supervising lawyers. - Draft letters, contracts, court forms and other legal documents. - Organise case files, evidence and documents for hearings and trials. - Contact clients, courts and other parties to collect information. - Track deadlines, court dates and filing requirements. - Review large sets of documents for transactions or court cases. - Use case management and legal research software. Paralegals work in law firms, in the legal teams of banks, insurers and other companies, and in government departments, courts and non-profit legal advice services. Many specialise in one area, such as property, litigation, immigration, company or family law. The work is mostly office-based during normal business hours, and remote or hybrid working is increasingly common. Busy periods before trials or deal deadlines can mean long days. ### What skills do you need? - Legal research - Accurate writing and proofreading - Organisation and time management - Attention to detail - Confidentiality and professional ethics - Legal software and document management - Clear communication with clients ### How do you become a paralegal? There is no single international route. Many paralegals have a law degree and use the job to gain experience before or during their professional training as a lawyer. Others take a paralegal certificate or a two-year associate degree, which is common in the United States, or a vocational qualification for legal assistants. Employers value accuracy, organisation and knowledge of one area of law. Career changers from administrative, compliance or police backgrounds can often move into paralegal work, especially if they add a short legal course. - **Law degree.** A law degree gives you a strong base in legal research and the main areas of law. Many graduates work as paralegals while they apply for training positions or prepare for professional exams, and some decide to make paralegal work their long-term career. Degrees in criminology or business that include law modules can also help. - **Paralegal certificate or college diploma.** In the United States and Canada, colleges offer paralegal certificates, diplomas and two-year associate degrees that focus on practical legal skills. Similar short courses exist in many other countries, sometimes run by professional associations. They suit school leavers and career changers who want a direct, practical route into legal work. - **Apprenticeship or vocational training.** In countries with strong vocational systems, such as Germany, you can train as a legal assistant in a law office while attending a vocational school. England also offers paralegal apprenticeships. These routes let you earn while you learn, and in some countries they can lead on to further legal qualifications. ### Do you need a licence to work as a paralegal? Paralegal work is not a licensed profession in most countries, because paralegals work under the supervision of a qualified lawyer. Some tasks, such as representing clients in court, are usually reserved for licensed lawyers. There are exceptions: in Ontario, Canada, paralegals are licensed and can represent clients in some lower courts and tribunals, and a few US states have created similar licensed roles. Voluntary certificates from professional associations can improve your job prospects. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$62,890 (BLS OEWS, SOC 23-2011) ### Job outlook Law firms and legal departments use paralegals to handle work at a lower cost than lawyers, which supports demand. At the same time, legal technology and AI tools can now search, sort and draft documents quickly, so routine tasks such as document review are likely to shrink. Paralegals who specialise in an area of law, manage complex cases or work confidently with legal technology are in a stronger position. ### Frequently asked questions **What is the difference between a paralegal and a lawyer?** A lawyer is licensed to give legal advice, represent clients and take responsibility for legal work in their own name. A paralegal does much of the preparation, such as research, drafting and managing files, but usually works under a lawyer's supervision. Paralegals need less formal training, and their pay and responsibility are generally lower. Many lawyers start their careers as paralegals. **Do you need a law degree to be a paralegal?** No, although many paralegals have one. Employers also hire people with paralegal certificates, associate degrees, vocational qualifications or relevant office experience. For specialist roles in areas such as property, immigration or company law, knowledge of that area and accurate, organised work often matter more than the type of degree you hold. **Is working as a paralegal a good way to become a lawyer?** It can be. Paralegal work shows you how legal practice works, strengthens your CV and gives you useful contacts. In some systems, such as the solicitor route in England and Wales, relevant paralegal experience can count towards the qualifying work experience you need. But paralegal work alone does not make you a lawyer: you still need the required degree, exams and training. **Can a paralegal give legal advice?** In many countries, paralegals may not give independent legal advice or represent clients in court, and they work under a lawyer's supervision. The rules differ, though. In England and Wales, only certain legal activities are reserved for authorised lawyers, and in Ontario, Canada, licensed paralegals can advise and represent clients in some matters. Always check the rules where you work. ## Police officer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/police-officer/ ISCO-08: 5412 · SOC: 33-3051 · Degree optional · Partly regulated Police officers protect the public, prevent and investigate crime, respond to emergencies and enforce the law. In most countries you join through a selection process with fitness, health and background checks, followed by training at a police academy or college, which in some countries is a degree programme. Officers work for national, regional or city police forces. ### What does a police officer do? - Patrol neighbourhoods on foot or in vehicles and respond to emergency calls. - Investigate crimes, collect evidence and interview victims, witnesses and suspects. - Arrest suspects while respecting legal rules and people's rights. - Write detailed reports and prepare case files for prosecutors. - Give evidence in court as a witness. - Work with local communities, schools and other services to prevent crime. - Manage traffic, road accidents and public events. Police officers work for national, regional or local police forces, and some work for specialist agencies that deal with borders, transport or financial crime. Most officers work shifts that cover nights, weekends and public holidays. The job mixes time on patrol with time at the station writing reports. It can be physically dangerous and emotionally demanding, because officers often deal with violence, accidents and people in crisis. ### What skills do you need? - Calm communication in tense situations - Sound judgement under pressure - Physical fitness - Observation and attention to detail - Report writing - Knowledge of criminal law and procedure - Integrity and fairness - Teamwork and resilience ### How do you become a police officer? Most police forces recruit school leavers and graduates through a selection process that includes written tests, interviews, fitness and medical checks, and background and security checks. Many forces also set a minimum age and require citizenship or permanent residency. If you are selected, you train at a police academy or college for anything from several months to three years, and then complete a probation period on the job. Graduates may be able to join fast-track or detective programmes, and career changers are welcome in most forces as long as they meet the entry rules. - **Direct entry after school.** Many forces accept applicants with a school-leaving qualification. You train at a police academy, learning law, procedures, self-defence, first aid and driving, and then work under supervision during a probation period. In the United States, for example, academy training usually lasts several months and is followed by field training with an experienced officer. - **Degree-level police education.** In several countries, including Norway and Finland, basic police training is a bachelor's degree at a police university college. England and Wales offer a police degree apprenticeship alongside other entry routes. A degree in criminology, law, psychology or sociology does not replace police training, but it can help you in selection and later promotion. - **Graduate and specialist entry.** Some forces run schemes that let graduates join as detectives or move faster into leadership. In countries with officer-rank entry, such as France and India, graduates can sit competitive national exams for senior posts. Forces also recruit specialists in areas such as cybercrime, forensics and financial investigation, sometimes as civilian staff rather than sworn officers. ### Do you need a licence to work as a police officer? In most countries, policing is controlled by the state rather than by a professional licence. Officers are sworn in and must meet national or regional training standards. In the United States, state boards set training standards and certify officers. Rules on age, nationality, health, eyesight and criminal records differ between countries and forces, so check the requirements of the force you want to join. ### Job outlook Every country needs police, so demand is steady, but recruitment depends on government budgets and political priorities. Forces in several countries have reported difficulty recruiting and keeping officers because of stress, shift work and public criticism. Crime is also changing, with more online fraud and cybercrime, so digital and investigation skills are increasingly valued. Body cameras, data systems and AI tools are changing police work and raising new questions about privacy and fairness. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need a degree to become a police officer?** In most countries, no. Many forces accept school leavers and train them at a police academy. Some countries, such as Norway and Finland, train all new officers through a bachelor's degree, and some forces in the United States and elsewhere prefer or reward degrees. A degree can also help with promotion and with specialist roles, such as detective or cybercrime work. **How long does police training take?** It varies widely. Academy training in the United States usually takes several months, followed by field training with an experienced officer. In some European countries, police education is a three-year degree. Almost everywhere, new officers then serve a probation period of a year or more before they are fully confirmed in the role. **What are the requirements to join the police?** Common requirements include a minimum age, a school-leaving qualification, good health and eyesight, and passing a fitness test. You usually need citizenship or permanent residency and no serious criminal convictions, and many forces ask for a driving licence. Selection normally includes written tests, interviews and background checks. Exact rules vary by country and force, so check official recruitment pages. **Is criminology a good degree for becoming a police officer?** Criminology can be useful because it covers why crime happens, how the justice system works and how policing is studied. It may help you in selection and later in investigation or policy roles. However, police forces do not usually require a specific subject, and law, psychology, sociology and many other degrees are equally accepted. Your fitness, judgement and communication skills matter more. ## Social worker URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/social-worker/ ISCO-08: 2635 · SOC: 21-1021 · Degree required · Licensed profession in most countries Social workers support children, families and adults who face serious difficulties, such as abuse, neglect, poverty, disability, mental illness or addiction. You usually need a degree in social work, at bachelor's or master's level, and registration or a licence from a national or regional regulator. Most social workers work for local governments, health services and non-profit organisations. ### What does a social worker do? - Assess the needs, risks and strengths of individuals and families. - Protect children and vulnerable adults from abuse and neglect. - Plan support and connect people with health, housing, income and other services. - Visit people at home, in hospital, at school or in other settings. - Keep detailed case records and write reports, including for courts. - Work with teachers, doctors, police and other professionals to plan care. - Speak up for clients so that their rights and views are heard. Social workers are employed by local and regional governments, hospitals, mental health services, schools, prisons, probation services and non-profit organisations. Common specialisms include child protection, adult care, mental health, disability, older people and refugees. The job combines office work and paperwork with home visits and meetings. Caseloads can be heavy, some roles include out-of-hours duty, and dealing with conflict and trauma can be emotionally hard. ### What skills do you need? - Active listening and empathy - Risk assessment and professional judgement - Understanding of relevant law and policy - Clear report writing - Emotional resilience - Working with other professionals - Respect for cultural diversity - Managing a caseload ### How do you become a social worker? The standard route is a professional degree in social work, which usually takes three or four years at bachelor's level and includes supervised work placements. If you already have a degree in another subject, such as psychology or sociology, you can usually take a two-year master's in social work, and some countries offer shorter fast-track programmes. After qualifying, you register with or get a licence from the social work regulator. Paid or volunteer experience in care, youth work or support services strengthens your application. - **Bachelor's degree in social work.** A three- or four-year degree in social work combines theory, law, psychology and sociology with long supervised placements in real services. In many countries it is the main route to registration. In the United States, a bachelor's degree allows entry to general social work roles, while clinical practice requires a master's degree. - **Master's degree for graduates.** Graduates in other subjects can study a master's degree in social work, usually over two years including placements. This route is common for people with degrees in psychology, sociology, criminology or education, and for career changers with experience in care or community work. In some countries it is the usual route to senior and clinical roles. - **Employer-based and fast-track routes.** Some countries offer paid training schemes where you study for a social work qualification while working for a public employer, often in child protection or mental health. England, for example, has fast-track programmes for graduates and social work apprenticeships. These routes are competitive and lead to the same registration as a degree. ### Do you need a licence to work as a social worker? Social work is a regulated profession in many countries, including the UK, Ireland, the United States and Canada. You usually need a recognised qualification and must register with or be licensed by a regulator. In the United States, clinical licences also require supervised experience after a master's degree. Registration normally depends on ongoing professional development and ethical conduct. In some countries the title is not protected, but employers still expect a recognised social work degree. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$59,550 (BLS OEWS, SOC 21-1021) ### Job outlook Demand for social workers is strong in many countries because of ageing populations, child protection needs, mental health problems and migration. The work is hard to automate because it depends on trust, judgement and face-to-face contact, although digital records and AI tools may reduce some paperwork. Jobs depend heavily on public funding, and many services have staff shortages, high caseloads and burnout, so good supervision and support from employers matter. ### Frequently asked questions **What qualifications do you need to be a social worker?** In most countries you need a recognised degree in social work, either a bachelor's or a master's, which includes supervised placements. You then usually register with or get a licence from a regulator before you can use the title or work in public services. Some countries also require exams or a period of supervised practice, especially for clinical social work. **Can I become a social worker with a psychology degree?** Yes. Psychology is a common first degree for social workers. A psychology degree alone does not qualify you, but you can usually apply for a master's in social work, which typically takes two years. Experience in care, youth work, mental health support or volunteering will make your application stronger. **Is social work a stressful job?** It can be. Social workers make difficult decisions about people's safety, often with heavy caseloads and limited resources, and they may face hostility or distressing situations. Many also find the work deeply meaningful. Good supervision, supportive teams, manageable caseloads and looking after your own wellbeing make a big difference, so ask employers about these before you accept a job. **Can social workers work in another country?** Yes, but not automatically. Social work is regulated nationally or regionally, so you usually need to apply to the regulator in the new country to have your qualification assessed. You may need extra training, supervised practice or exams, and a good level of the local language. You will also need to learn the local law and welfare system, so expect a period of adjustment. ## Policy officer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/policy-officer/ ISCO-08: 2422 · Degree usually needed · No licence needed in most countries Policy officers research problems, analyse evidence and advise decision makers on laws, programmes and strategies. Most have a degree in a social science such as politics, economics, sociology or law, and many also have a master's. They work in government departments, international organisations, think tanks, non-profit organisations and the public affairs teams of companies. ### What does a policy officer do? - Research social, economic or environmental problems and the options for solving them. - Analyse data, reports and evidence, including examples from other countries. - Write briefings, policy papers and recommendations for ministers or senior managers. - Consult experts, the public and organisations affected by a policy. - Help to draft new rules, programmes and strategies. - Monitor how policies work in practice and evaluate their results. - Follow new laws and political developments that affect their organisation. Policy officers work in national and local government, public agencies, parliaments, international organisations, think tanks, universities, non-profit organisations, trade associations and companies. Most roles are office-based with hybrid working, and many are in capital cities. Work usually follows office hours but can become intense before elections, new laws or urgent political decisions. In government, officers must usually stay politically neutral and serve whichever party is in power. ### What skills do you need? - Research and analysis - Clear, concise writing - Working with data and statistics - Understanding of government and law-making - Consultation and negotiation - Political awareness - Project management - Explaining complex ideas simply ### How do you become a policy officer? Most policy officers have a bachelor's degree in politics, economics, international relations, sociology, law, geography or a related subject, and many add a master's in public policy, economics or a specialist field. Governments often recruit graduates through competitive civil service exams or graduate programmes, while think tanks and non-profit organisations hire people with research experience and subject knowledge. Internships, research assistant jobs and work in parliamentary offices are common first steps. Career changers with expertise in areas such as health, education or the environment can move into policy roles in those fields. - **Civil service entry.** Many governments recruit graduates through competitive exams, assessment centres or fast-track programmes that move you between different departments. Some countries, such as France, India and Japan, have well-known national exams for senior civil service posts. Requirements often include citizenship and security checks, and the selection process can take several months. - **Postgraduate study and research.** A master's degree in public policy, public administration, economics or international relations is common, especially for analyst roles and jobs in international organisations. Research posts at universities or think tanks, and strong data analysis skills, can lead to specialist policy jobs. Some people move into policy after completing a PhD. - **Switching from another career.** Professionals such as teachers, nurses, engineers, lawyers and economists often move into policy work in their own field. Their practical experience is valuable when designing realistic policies. Short courses in policy analysis and a record of writing, research or campaigning on an issue can help you make the move. ### Do you need a licence to work as a policy officer? Policy work is not a regulated profession, and there is no licence to practise. Entry to government policy jobs is controlled by civil service recruitment rules, which may include nationality requirements, security clearance and limits on political activity. International organisations often recruit through their own competitive exams. Professional bodies for public administration or economics offer voluntary membership and training. ### Job outlook Governments, international organisations and campaign groups will keep needing people who can turn evidence into workable decisions, especially on climate change, public health, technology, migration and the economy. However, jobs depend on public budgets and political change, and competition for entry-level posts is strong. Skills in data analysis and an understanding of technology are increasingly valued. AI tools can speed up research and drafting, but judgement and political awareness remain human strengths. ### Frequently asked questions **What degree do you need to become a policy officer?** There is no single required degree. Politics, economics, international relations, sociology, law and geography are the most common, but graduates in science, engineering or health also work in policy for their fields. What matters most is strong research, writing and analytical skills, plus knowledge of the policy area you want to work in. **Do you need a master's degree to work in public policy?** Not always. Many governments recruit bachelor's graduates through civil service programmes. A master's in public policy, economics or a related field is common in think tanks, international organisations and analyst roles, and it can help you compete for jobs. Relevant work experience, such as internships or research posts, can be just as valuable. **How do you get a policy job in government?** Most governments recruit through open competitions with written tests, online assessments, interviews and sometimes group exercises. Many run graduate or fast-track programmes, and some use national civil service exams. Check the official recruitment website for your country. Internships, work in local government or parliament, and a record of clear writing on policy issues strengthen your application. **What is the difference between a policy officer and a policy analyst?** The titles often overlap, and organisations use them in different ways. In general, policy analysts focus more on research, data and comparing options, while policy officers or advisers also manage consultations, draft documents and work closely with decision makers. Read the job description carefully rather than relying on the title. ## Diplomat URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/diplomat/ ISCO-08: 1112 · Degree usually needed · No licence needed in most countries Diplomats represent their country's government abroad and in the foreign ministry at home. They negotiate with other governments, report on political and economic events, promote trade and help their citizens overseas. Entry is usually through a competitive national exam that is open only to citizens, and most diplomats move between the capital, embassies, consulates and international missions every few years. ### What does a diplomat do? - Represent their country's interests in meetings and negotiations with other governments. - Report on political, economic and security developments in the host country. - Promote trade, investment, culture and education links between countries. - Help citizens abroad who are in difficulty, for example after an arrest, accident or disaster. - Handle visa and passport matters in consular roles. - Build contacts with officials, journalists, businesses and community groups. - Prepare briefings and speeches for ministers and ambassadors. Diplomats work for their country's foreign ministry, dividing their careers between headquarters in the capital and postings to embassies, consulates and missions to international organisations. Postings usually last two to four years, and some are in places with security risks or difficult living conditions. Hours can be long and irregular, with evening events and crisis work. Frequent moves affect partners and children, which many diplomats find one of the hardest parts of the job. ### What skills do you need? - Foreign languages - Negotiation and persuasion - Political and economic analysis - Clear writing for reports and briefings - Cultural awareness and tact - Building relationships and networks - Adapting to life in new countries - Discretion with confidential information ### How do you become a diplomat? Most countries recruit diplomats through a competitive foreign service exam or a general civil service exam, followed by interviews and assessments. You must be a citizen of the country and pass security checks. Most services expect a university degree, often in international relations, politics, law, economics, history or languages, although a few, such as the United States, do not require one. New diplomats usually complete training at a diplomatic academy or in the foreign ministry, including language study. Some people join later in their careers through specialist or mid-career entry. - **Foreign service entrance exam.** The main route in most countries is a national exam that tests general knowledge, writing, reasoning and sometimes languages, followed by interviews and group exercises. Competition is intense, and some candidates take the exam several times. In some countries, such as India, diplomats are selected through the same national exam as other senior civil servants. - **Specialist and mid-career entry.** Some foreign ministries recruit experienced professionals for specialist roles in areas such as economics, law, trade, security or communications. Others send staff from other government departments on postings abroad. These routes can suit career changers with strong expertise and language skills who did not join straight after university. - **International organisations.** If you want an international career that is not tied to one country's service, you can apply to international organisations such as the United Nations or the European Union. They recruit through their own competitive exams and programmes, and the work often involves negotiation, policy and field operations. Some programmes are open only to citizens of member or participating countries. ### Do you need a licence to work as a diplomat? Diplomacy is not a licensed profession, but each government tightly controls entry. You must hold the country's citizenship, and some services have extra rules about dual nationality. Candidates also go through security vetting, medical checks and background checks. In some countries, a number of ambassadors are political appointees rather than career diplomats. Rules differ widely, so check your foreign ministry's official recruitment information. ### Job outlook The number of diplomatic posts is small and changes slowly, so competition for entry will stay intense. Governments continue to need diplomats for trade, security, climate negotiations, migration and crisis response, and economic and digital diplomacy are growing areas. Foreign ministry budgets can be cut, and more communication now happens directly between leaders and specialist ministries. Strong language skills, regional expertise and a willingness to work in difficult places improve your chances. ### Frequently asked questions **What degree do you need to become a diplomat?** There is no required subject. International relations, politics, law, economics, history and modern languages are common, but diplomats come from many fields, including science and engineering. Most foreign services expect a university degree, although some, such as the United States, set no formal degree requirement. Strong general knowledge, writing and languages matter more than the subject itself. **Is it hard to become a diplomat?** Yes. Foreign services usually receive many more applicants than they have places, and the selection process can take a year or longer. Many successful candidates apply more than once. Preparing well for the exam, following current affairs, improving your languages and gaining relevant experience, such as internships or work abroad, all improve your chances. **Can you become a diplomat for another country?** Generally no. Diplomats represent their own government, so national diplomatic services recruit only their own citizens, and some have extra rules on dual nationality. If you want an international career without changing citizenship, look at international organisations, which recruit staff from their member countries, or at local jobs in embassies, which are often open to residents of the host country. **How many languages does a diplomat need to speak?** There is no fixed number. Good English is useful almost everywhere, and many services test a second foreign language at entry or reward language skills. Most foreign ministries also train diplomats in the language of their next posting, sometimes for a year or more for difficult languages. Being willing and able to learn languages matters more than speaking many at the start. ## Primary school teacher URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/primary-teacher/ ISCO-08: 2341 · SOC: 25-2021 · Degree usually needed · Licensed profession in most countries Primary school teachers teach children aged about five or six to eleven or twelve, usually covering most subjects with one class. You typically need a degree in education, or a degree followed by teacher training, plus a teaching licence or registration. Most primary teachers work in state schools, and others work in private, religious and international schools. ### What does a primary school teacher do? - Plan and teach lessons in reading, writing, mathematics, science and other subjects. - Adapt teaching for children with different abilities, languages and needs. - Assess children's progress, mark their work and write reports. - Manage behaviour and create a safe, positive classroom. - Meet parents and carers to discuss progress and concerns. - Recognise signs of learning difficulties or harm and report concerns. - Work with teaching assistants, specialists and other staff. Primary teachers work in state, private, religious and international schools. They usually teach one class for most of the day, following a set timetable and school calendar. Many teachers plan lessons, mark work and complete paperwork in the evenings and at weekends, although they also have longer holidays than many other workers. Class sizes, resources and support vary greatly between countries and between schools. ### What skills do you need? - Planning and organisation - Clear explanation of ideas - Classroom and behaviour management - Patience and empathy - Knowledge of child development - Creativity and adaptability - Communication with parents - Teamwork with other staff ### How do you become a primary school teacher? In many countries you study a three- or four-year bachelor's degree in primary education that includes teaching practice in schools. Another common route is a degree in any subject followed by a one- or two-year teacher training programme. Some countries, such as Finland, require a master's degree. You then apply for a teaching licence or registration, often after an induction period, and in some countries you must pass a national exam to teach in state schools. Career changers can often use postgraduate or employment-based training routes. - **Education degree.** A bachelor's degree in primary or elementary education, usually three or four years long, combines subject knowledge, child development and teaching methods with placements in schools. In many countries it leads directly to a teaching licence. It is the most common route for school leavers who already know they want to teach. - **Postgraduate teacher training.** If you have a degree in another subject, you can take a one- or two-year teacher training programme or a master's in teaching. Subjects such as English, mathematics, psychology or history are useful because they relate to the primary curriculum. This route is common in the UK, Ireland, Australia and many other countries. - **Employment-based and alternative routes.** Some countries let you train while working in a school, earning a salary and studying part-time. In the United States, many states offer alternative certification programmes for graduates and career changers. Experience as a teaching assistant, tutor or youth worker can help you get a place on these routes. ### Do you need a licence to work as a primary school teacher? Teaching in state primary schools is a regulated profession in most countries. You usually need a recognised teaching qualification and must register with or be licensed by a national or regional authority, with background checks for working with children. In some countries, such as the United States and Canada, each state or province issues its own licences. Private and international schools may set their own rules. Check the requirements with the education authority where you want to teach. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$63,970 (BLS OEWS, SOC 25-2021) ### Job outlook Every country needs primary teachers, but demand depends on the number of children. Falling birth rates are reducing pupil numbers in parts of Europe and East Asia, while many countries in sub-Saharan Africa and parts of South Asia still need many more teachers. Many countries also find it hard to keep teachers because of workload and pay, especially in rural or disadvantaged areas. Technology is changing lessons, but teaching young children remains a very human job. ### Frequently asked questions **What qualifications do you need to be a primary school teacher?** Most countries require a bachelor's degree in education, or a degree in another subject followed by teacher training, plus a teaching licence or registration. Some countries, such as Finland, require a master's degree. You will also need background checks for working with children, and in some countries you must pass a national teaching exam to work in state schools. **Can I become a primary teacher without an education degree?** Yes, in many countries. If you have a degree in another subject, you can usually take a postgraduate teacher training programme or an employment-based route, where you train while working in a school. Private and international schools sometimes hire graduates without a teaching qualification, but state schools usually require one. **What is the difference between primary and secondary teaching?** Primary teachers usually teach one class of younger children across most subjects and spend much of their day with the same pupils. Secondary teachers specialise in one or two subjects and teach many different classes of older students, often preparing them for national exams. Primary teaching focuses more on basic skills and child development, while secondary teaching needs deeper subject knowledge. **Can I teach abroad with my teaching qualification?** Often, but not automatically. Each country decides whether to recognise foreign teaching qualifications, and you may need to have your degree assessed, complete extra training or pass language tests. International schools often hire teachers who hold a recognised licence from their home country. Check with the education authority or regulator in the country you want to move to. ## Secondary school teacher URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/secondary-teacher/ ISCO-08: 2330 · SOC: 25-2031 · Degree required · Licensed profession in most countries Secondary school teachers teach one or two subjects to students aged about eleven or twelve to eighteen and prepare them for national exams. You usually need a degree in your subject, teacher training and a teaching licence or registration. Most secondary teachers work in state schools, while others teach in private, international or vocational schools. ### What does a secondary school teacher do? - Plan and teach lessons in one or two subjects to classes of different ages. - Prepare students for national exams and qualifications. - Set and mark homework, tests and coursework, and give feedback. - Manage classroom behaviour and keep students engaged. - Support students' wellbeing, often as the tutor for a group of students. - Meet parents and write progress reports. - Keep up to date with changes to the curriculum and their subject. Secondary teachers work in state schools, private and religious schools, international schools and vocational colleges. They teach several classes each day, often moving between groups of different ages and abilities. Planning, marking and exam preparation often continue into evenings and weekends, especially during exam periods. Many teachers also run clubs, trips or sports, and schools follow a fixed calendar with holidays between terms. ### What skills do you need? - In-depth subject knowledge - Clear explanation and questioning - Classroom and behaviour management - Assessment and feedback - Planning and time management - Patience and resilience - Communication with young people and parents - Use of digital learning tools ### How do you become a secondary school teacher? The usual route is a bachelor's degree in the subject you want to teach, followed by teacher training such as a one- or two-year postgraduate programme or a master's in teaching. Some universities offer combined degrees that include subject study and teacher training. Several countries, including Germany and Finland, require a master's-level qualification and a supervised practical period. You then apply for a teaching licence or registration. Career changers, especially in mathematics, science and languages, can often use employment-based or alternative certification routes. - **Subject degree and teacher training.** Most secondary teachers first study a degree in a school subject, such as mathematics, a science, history, geography, English or a modern language. They then complete one or two years of teacher training with placements in schools. This route keeps your options open, because the subject degree is also useful for other careers. - **Combined education degree.** In many countries you can study a degree that combines your teaching subject with education studies and school placements from the start, usually over four years or more. In some systems, such as Germany, this continues to master's level and is followed by a paid training period in schools before you are fully qualified. - **Career change and alternative certification.** Schools in many countries need more teachers of mathematics, physics, chemistry, computing and languages. Graduates and professionals in these areas can often train while working in a school and earning a salary. In the United States, most states offer alternative certification programmes for people who already hold a degree. ### Do you need a licence to work as a secondary school teacher? Teaching in state secondary schools is regulated in most countries. You need a recognised teaching qualification and must register with or be licensed by an education authority, usually for specific subjects or age ranges. Background checks for working with children are standard. In some countries, including France, Spain and Italy, you must also pass a competitive exam to get a permanent post in a state school. Private and international schools may have their own rules. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$72,040 (BLS OEWS, SOC 25-2031) ### Job outlook Demand for secondary teachers is steady, and many countries report shortages in mathematics, science, computing and languages. Growing numbers of teenagers in some regions and falling numbers in others affect local demand. In many countries, workload, student behaviour and pay are common reasons why teachers leave. AI tools are changing homework, assessment and lesson planning, but teachers remain central to guiding and motivating young people. ### Frequently asked questions **What do you need to become a secondary school teacher?** In most countries you need a degree, usually in the subject you want to teach, plus a recognised teacher training qualification and a teaching licence or registration. Some countries require a master's degree or a competitive exam for state schools. Background checks for working with children are standard. Requirements differ, so check with the education authority where you plan to teach. **Can you teach at a secondary school without a teaching qualification?** In state schools, usually not for long. Some countries allow unqualified or provisionally licensed teachers to work while they train, especially in shortage subjects. Private and international schools have more freedom and sometimes hire graduates with strong subject knowledge but no teaching qualification. A recognised qualification improves your pay, job security and ability to work in other countries. **Which subjects have the greatest demand for teachers?** In many countries, schools find it hardest to recruit teachers of mathematics, physics, chemistry, computing and modern languages. Some countries offer training grants or scholarships for these subjects. Demand also varies by region, and rural and disadvantaged areas often need more teachers. Check teacher recruitment information from your national or regional education authority for local shortages. **Is it too late to become a teacher at 30 or 40?** No. Many secondary teachers join after another career, and schools often value their experience, especially in science, technology, business and languages. Postgraduate and employment-based training routes are open to graduates of any age. Be ready for a demanding first year, and check whether you can get funding or a salary while you train. ## Early years teacher URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/early-years-teacher/ ISCO-08: 2342 · SOC: 25-2011 · Degree often expected · Licensed profession in most countries Early years teachers help young children, usually from birth to about five or six, learn and develop through play, talk and structured activities before primary school. Depending on the country, you need a degree in early childhood education or a vocational qualification, often with registration as a teacher. They work in nurseries, preschools, kindergartens and early years classes in schools. ### What does an early years teacher do? - Plan play-based activities that build language, early reading, number and social skills. - Observe and record each child's development and progress. - Create a safe, caring and stimulating place to learn. - Support children with additional needs and work with specialists such as speech and language therapists. - Talk to parents and carers about their child's learning and wellbeing. - Lead and guide assistants and other early years staff. - Follow child protection, health and safety rules. Early years teachers work in state and private nurseries, preschools, kindergartens, children's centres and the early years classes of primary schools. Some work in workplace or community childcare, or run their own settings. School-based roles follow school hours and terms, while nurseries may open all year with long days and shift patterns. The work is active and noisy, with a lot of time on your feet and on the floor with children. ### What skills do you need? - Knowledge of child development - Patience, warmth and empathy - Creativity in planning play and activities - Careful observation and record-keeping - Communication with parents and families - Physical stamina - Teamwork and leadership - Understanding of child protection ### How do you become an early years teacher? Requirements vary more than for most teaching jobs. In many countries, including Australia, New Zealand, Norway and France, early childhood teachers need a bachelor's degree or higher in early childhood education or teaching. In others, you can work with young children after a vocational diploma, and a degree is needed only for lead or teaching roles. In the United States, rules depend on the state and the type of programme. Graduates in other subjects can often take a postgraduate early years qualification, and experience as a nursery assistant is useful. - **Early childhood education degree.** A three- or four-year degree in early childhood education or early years teaching covers child development, play-based learning, health and working with families, with placements in real settings. In many countries it leads to registration as a teacher and to lead roles in nurseries and preschools. Some programmes cover ages from birth up to about eight. - **Vocational qualification.** In many countries you can start with a one- or two-year vocational diploma in childcare or early childhood education, often combined with work in a nursery. This qualifies you for assistant or educator roles. Many people later study part-time for a degree so that they can become qualified early years teachers. - **Postgraduate or employment-based training.** Graduates in subjects such as psychology, sociology or education can often take a postgraduate course or employment-based training to qualify for early years teaching. In England, for example, there are graduate routes that let you train as an early years teacher while working in a nursery. These routes suit career changers and parents returning to work. ### Do you need a licence to work as an early years teacher? Early years teaching is regulated in many countries, but the rules vary widely. Some countries require a teaching licence or registration for anyone who leads a group of young children, while others regulate the setting rather than the individual teacher. Background checks for working with children are almost always required. In countries with a federal system, such as the United States, rules can differ between states. Check with the education or childcare authority where you plan to work. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$38,140 (BLS OEWS, SOC 25-2011) ### Job outlook Many governments are expanding free or funded early childhood education, which increases demand for qualified staff. In many countries there are shortages of early years teachers, partly because pay and status are often lower than for school teachers. Falling birth rates may reduce demand in some countries over time. The work depends on human care and relationships, so it is hard to automate. ### Frequently asked questions **What qualifications do you need to be an early years teacher?** It depends on the country. Many countries require a bachelor's degree in early childhood education and registration as a teacher, especially for lead roles. Others accept a vocational diploma for assistant or educator roles and ask for a degree only for more senior positions. You will almost always need a background check for working with children. **What is the difference between an early years teacher and a childcare worker?** Early years teachers usually have a degree-level qualification. They lead children's learning, plan the curriculum and guide other staff. Childcare workers and nursery assistants often have vocational qualifications and focus more on day-to-day care, supervision and play. In practice the roles overlap, and the titles and requirements vary between countries and settings. **Can an early years teacher teach in a primary school?** Sometimes. In some countries, early childhood teaching qualifications cover children up to about eight years old, so you can teach the first years of primary school. In others, primary teaching needs a separate qualification or licence, although you may be able to add it through further study. Check with the education authority where you plan to work. **Is early years teaching a good career?** It can be very rewarding, because the first years of life have a strong effect on children's learning and wellbeing. Demand for qualified staff is high in many countries, and there are routes into management, training and policy. However, pay and working conditions are often less favourable than in school teaching, and the work is physically and emotionally demanding. ## University lecturer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/university-lecturer/ ISCO-08: 2310 · Degree required · No licence needed in most countries University lecturers teach students in higher education, carry out research in their subject and publish their findings. Most permanent posts require a PhD, and many people spend several years in short-term research or teaching jobs before they get one. Lecturers work in universities, colleges and research institutes, and the job title varies by country, from lecturer to assistant professor. ### What does a university lecturer do? - Plan and give lectures, seminars and practical classes. - Design courses and assessments, and mark students' work. - Carry out research and publish it in academic journals and books. - Apply for research funding from governments, foundations and industry. - Supervise students' projects, dissertations and doctoral research. - Take part in committees, admissions and other university administration. - Share research with the public, policymakers or industry. University lecturers work in public and private universities, colleges of higher education and research institutes. Their time is split between teaching, research and administration, and the balance depends on the institution and the type of contract. Hours are flexible but often long, with busy periods during marking and before funding deadlines. Many early-career academics work on fixed-term contracts and move between institutions or countries to find a permanent post. ### What skills do you need? - Expert knowledge of a subject - Research design and analysis - Academic writing and publishing - Teaching and presenting - Supervising and mentoring students - Writing funding applications - Balancing teaching, research and administration - Resilience when work is rejected ### How do you become a university lecturer? The usual route is a bachelor's degree, often a master's, and then a PhD in your subject, which usually takes three to six years depending on the country and subject. Most people then work as postdoctoral researchers, teaching fellows or temporary lecturers while they build a record of publications and teaching. Permanent posts are highly competitive. In professional and applied fields, such as nursing, law, business or art, a master's degree and strong professional experience can sometimes be enough, especially for teaching-focused roles. - **PhD and postdoctoral research.** This is the main route in most subjects. After a PhD, you usually work on short-term research contracts, publish papers and gain some teaching experience before you apply for a permanent lecturer or assistant professor post. The process can take many years, and moving between universities or countries is common. - **Teaching-focused roles.** Many universities employ lecturers whose main job is teaching rather than research. A PhD is still often expected, but strong teaching experience and a teaching qualification for higher education carry more weight. These roles are common in some countries, but they may offer less time and support for research. - **Professional practice first.** In fields such as medicine, nursing, law, engineering, business, architecture and the arts, universities also hire experienced professionals to teach. You may need a master's degree and a strong professional record rather than a PhD, although research posts in these fields usually still require a doctorate. ### Do you need a licence to work as a university lecturer? University teaching is not a licensed profession, and the main requirement is an advanced degree. Some universities and countries expect new lecturers to complete a teaching qualification for higher education during their first years. In several countries, including France, Italy and Spain, candidates for permanent or senior posts at public universities need a national accreditation first. In some countries, such as Germany and Poland, a further qualification after the PhD, called habilitation, has traditionally been needed to become a full professor. ### Job outlook Universities keep needing teachers and researchers, and higher education is expanding in many parts of Asia, Africa and Latin America. However, in many countries there are far more PhD graduates than permanent academic jobs, and short-term contracts are common. University income depends on government funding, student numbers and rules for international students, so posts can be cut. AI is changing teaching and assessment, and online learning creates both new roles and new competition. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need a PhD to be a university lecturer?** For most permanent academic posts, yes, especially at research universities. In professional fields such as nursing, law, business or the arts, and in some teaching-focused roles, a master's degree plus strong professional experience can be enough. Some colleges of higher education also hire lecturers with a master's degree, but a PhD improves your options and promotion prospects. **What is the difference between a lecturer and a professor?** It depends on the country. In the UK, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand, lecturer is the standard academic job title and professor is the most senior rank. In the United States and Canada, most academics are called professors, starting as assistant professor, then associate professor and full professor. In many European countries, professor is a senior post that requires significant research achievements. **How long does it take to become a professor?** Usually many years. After your first degree, a PhD often takes three to six years, followed by several years of postdoctoral or temporary posts. In the United States and Canada, your first permanent-track job is usually assistant professor. Becoming a full professor anywhere often takes a decade or more after your first permanent post, and many academics never reach that rank. **Is it hard to get a job in academia?** Yes, in most subjects and countries. Many more people complete PhDs than there are permanent academic posts, so early-career researchers often work on short contracts for years. Your chances improve with strong publications, teaching experience, success in winning funding and a willingness to move. PhD skills are also valued outside universities, in research, data, policy, industry and publishing, so keep other options open. ## Language teacher URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/language-teacher/ ISCO-08: 2353 · SOC: 25-3011 · Degree often expected · Partly regulated Language teachers help children and adults learn to speak, understand, read and write a new language. Many teach English as a foreign language in language schools, companies or online, often after a short teaching certificate, while teaching languages in state schools usually requires a degree and a teaching licence. Other widely taught languages include Spanish, French, German, Chinese and Arabic. ### What does a language teacher do? - Plan lessons that develop speaking, listening, reading and writing skills. - Teach grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation through practical activities. - Assess learners' level and track their progress. - Prepare students for international language exams. - Adapt lessons for children, adults, business learners or exam classes. - Use digital tools and online platforms to teach and set practice work. - Give clear feedback and help learners build confidence. Language teachers work in private language schools, state schools, university language centres, companies and online teaching platforms, and many work as freelance tutors. Teaching English abroad is common, especially in Asia, the Middle East, Latin America and Europe. Classes often take place in the evenings and at weekends, when adult learners are free. Contracts in private schools are often short, and summer schools provide seasonal work. ### What skills do you need? - Excellent command of the language you teach - Understanding of grammar and how languages are learned - Clear, patient explanation - Lesson planning - Cultural awareness - Energy and presentation skills - Online teaching skills - Adaptability to new places and learners ### How do you become a language teacher? To teach English or another language in private schools or online, you usually need a strong level in the language and a teaching certificate that includes observed teaching practice, such as CELTA or another reputable TEFL or TESOL course. Many employers and visa rules also require a bachelor's degree in any subject. To teach languages in state schools, you normally need a degree in the language or in education, teacher training and a teaching licence, as for a secondary school teacher. Experienced teachers often take a diploma or master's in language teaching or applied linguistics to progress. - **Teaching certificate.** Short, intensive certificates in teaching English to speakers of other languages, such as CELTA and other TEFL or TESOL courses, are the fastest route into language schools. Choose a course that includes real classroom practice with assessment, because many employers ask for this. A course of around 120 hours or more is a common expectation. - **Degree and teacher training.** A degree in modern languages, linguistics, English or education, followed by teacher training, leads to language teaching in state schools and gives you better long-term options. It also helps with work visas, which often require a degree. In some countries, universities offer specialist programmes in teaching the national language to foreigners. - **Teaching other languages.** If you speak a language such as Spanish, French, German, Chinese, Japanese or Arabic very well, you can train to teach it to learners in other countries. Cultural institutes and universities in many countries offer specialist certificates for teaching their national language, and online platforms let you start with private students. ### Do you need a licence to work as a language teacher? Language teaching is partly regulated. Private language schools, companies and online platforms usually set their own requirements and do not require a licence. Teaching in state schools, however, normally requires a recognised teaching qualification and registration, as for other school teachers. Some countries also control who can teach through their visa rules, for example by requiring a degree or by giving teaching visas only to citizens of countries where the language is widely spoken. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$61,540 (BLS OEWS, SOC 25-3011) ### Job outlook Demand for English remains strong worldwide because of education, business, travel and migration, and interest in languages such as Chinese, Spanish and Arabic continues. Online teaching has opened up global work but has also increased competition, and many online roles are freelance with little job security. AI translation and practice tools may reduce demand for basic lessons, while learners still value teachers for speaking practice, motivation and exam preparation. Teachers with recognised qualifications and a specialism, such as exam preparation or young learners, are better placed. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need a degree to teach English abroad?** In many countries, yes, because work visas for teachers often require a bachelor's degree in any subject. Some countries, language schools and online platforms accept teachers without a degree, but your choices are more limited and conditions may be worse. A recognised teaching certificate with observed teaching practice is expected almost everywhere. **What is the difference between TEFL, TESOL and CELTA?** TEFL (teaching English as a foreign language) and TESOL (teaching English to speakers of other languages) are general names for the field and for many different courses, and their quality varies widely. CELTA is one specific, widely recognised certificate with a fixed standard of assessed teaching practice. Whatever you choose, check the number of hours, the observed teaching practice and whether employers recognise it. **Do you need to be a native speaker to teach English?** No. Many successful English teachers are not native speakers. Employers usually want a very high level of English, often around C1 or C2 on the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR), plus a teaching certificate. However, some schools still advertise for native speakers, and some countries give teaching visas only to citizens of certain English-speaking countries. **Can teaching English be a long-term career?** Yes, but it takes planning. Many entry-level jobs are short-term contracts with limited security. Teachers who build a career usually gain a higher qualification, such as a diploma in language teaching or a master's in TESOL or applied linguistics. They then move into senior teaching, teacher training, exam work, materials writing or school management. Teaching in state schools with a teaching licence offers more stability. ## Biologist URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/biologist/ ISCO-08: 2131 · SOC: 19-1029 · Degree required · No licence needed in most countries Biologists study living things, from molecules and cells to plants, animals and whole ecosystems, and apply what they learn in health, farming, conservation and industry. A biology degree is the starting point, and research roles usually need a master's or PhD. Biologists work in universities, government agencies, biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies, environmental consultancies and conservation organisations. ### What does a biologist do? - Plan and carry out experiments in laboratories or in the field. - Collect and analyse samples of cells, tissues, plants, animals or microorganisms. - Use statistics and software to analyse data and test ideas. - Monitor wildlife, habitats and biodiversity for conservation projects. - Write research papers, reports and funding applications. - Present results to colleagues, clients, policymakers or the public. - Follow strict safety and ethics rules when working with living organisms. Biologists work in universities, research institutes, hospitals, government agencies, environmental consultancies, zoos, museums, conservation charities, and biotechnology, pharmaceutical, food and agricultural companies. Laboratory biologists work indoors with specialist equipment, while ecologists and field biologists spend time outdoors, sometimes in remote places and in all weather. Research posts are often on fixed-term contracts linked to funding. Some biologists combine research with university teaching. ### What skills do you need? - Laboratory techniques - Experimental design - Statistics and data analysis - Field survey methods - Scientific writing - Programming in R or Python - Attention to detail - Critical thinking ### How do you become a biologist? Start with a bachelor's degree in biology or a specialised subject such as microbiology, zoology, marine biology, genetics or ecology. A bachelor's can lead to jobs as a laboratory technician, field assistant or research assistant. Most jobs with the title biologist, and almost all independent research roles, need a master's or PhD. Practical experience matters: summer research projects, volunteering with conservation groups and laboratory placements all help. Graduates in related subjects such as biomedical science, agriculture or environmental science can move into biology through a relevant master's. - **Degree and research.** A bachelor's in biology or a specialist area, followed by a master's and often a PhD, is the standard route into research. A PhD usually takes three to five years, depending on the country. Many researchers then work in short-term postdoctoral posts before they find a permanent position, which is competitive. - **Industry and applied roles.** Graduates with a bachelor's or master's can work in quality control, laboratory analysis, clinical trials, biotechnology or environmental consultancy. Employers value laboratory skills, data analysis and knowledge of quality and safety standards. You can build a career in industry without a PhD, although it helps for leadership roles in research and development. - **Technician route.** Some people start as laboratory or field technicians after vocational training or an apprenticeship, then study part-time for a degree. This route builds strong practical skills and can lead to scientist roles, but moving into independent research usually still needs a master's or PhD. ### Do you need a licence to work as a biologist? Biology is not a regulated profession in most countries, so you do not need a licence to work as a biologist. However, some tasks need permits or approval, such as research on animals, handling protected species or working with dangerous microorganisms. Voluntary professional recognition exists in some countries, for example Chartered Biologist status in the UK. Biologists who work in hospital laboratories may need to register as biomedical or clinical scientists. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$98,920 (BLS OEWS, SOC 19-1029) ### Job outlook Biology underpins growing areas such as biotechnology, genomics, medicine, food security and conservation, so biological skills are widely needed. However, in many countries there are more biology graduates than research posts, and academic careers are very competitive. Public research depends on government funding, which can change. Biologists with strong skills in data analysis, programming, bioinformatics or laboratory automation tend to have more options, both in science and in related fields. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a biology degree?** Common jobs include laboratory technician, research scientist, ecologist, microbiologist, biotechnologist, quality control analyst and science teacher. Biology graduates also work in environmental consultancy, clinical research, science communication, patents and healthcare. Many jobs with the title biologist need further study, but a biology degree also leads to careers in business, policy and data analysis. **Do you need a PhD to be a biologist?** Not always, but it helps a lot for research. A bachelor's can lead to technician and assistant roles, and a master's opens many jobs in industry and consultancy. To lead your own research, work as a university academic or become a senior scientist in research and development, you will usually need a PhD. **Is biology a good career?** It can be satisfying if you are curious about life and enjoy careful practical work. Biology skills are used in health, food, farming and the environment. However, competition for graduate jobs is strong, starting pay in research and conservation can be modest, and research jobs are often on short contracts. Adding skills in statistics, programming or a specialist technique makes you more employable. **What is the difference between a biologist and a biomedical scientist?** Biologists study all living things, including plants, animals, microorganisms and ecosystems, in many different settings. Biomedical scientists focus on human health and disease, and in many countries they work in hospital laboratories testing patient samples. Biomedical scientists in hospitals are often regulated, while biology as a whole usually is not. ## Chemist URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/chemist/ ISCO-08: 2113 · SOC: 19-2031 · Degree required · No licence needed in most countries Chemists study substances and how they react, and use that knowledge to create and test new materials, medicines, fuels, foods and consumer products. Most need at least a bachelor's degree in chemistry, and research roles usually need a master's or PhD. Chemists work in laboratories in industry, government and universities, in sectors such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals, energy, food and environmental testing. ### What does a chemist do? - Plan and carry out experiments to make, analyse or improve substances. - Use instruments such as spectrometers and chromatographs to identify and measure chemicals. - Test raw materials and finished products to check quality and safety. - Develop new compounds, materials or product formulations. - Record results accurately and write reports that meet quality standards. - Follow strict safety rules when handling hazardous substances. - Work with engineers to scale up processes from the laboratory to production. Chemists work for pharmaceutical and chemical companies, contract testing laboratories, food and drink manufacturers, energy and materials firms, government agencies, forensic services and universities. The work is mainly in laboratories, using protective equipment and specialist instruments, with time at a computer analysing data and writing reports. Hours are usually regular, although some quality control and production roles involve shift work. Laboratories in regulated industries follow detailed quality systems. ### What skills do you need? - Laboratory and analytical techniques - Operating scientific instruments - Experimental design - Data analysis and statistics - Laboratory health and safety - Accurate record keeping - Problem solving - Scientific writing ### How do you become a chemist? The usual route is a bachelor's degree in chemistry, which takes three or four years, or an integrated master's in some countries. Employers value programmes accredited by a professional chemistry body. A bachelor's can lead to laboratory technician or analyst roles, while research and development jobs usually need a master's or PhD. Laboratory placements, summer research projects and industrial internships make a real difference. Graduates in related subjects such as biochemistry, pharmacy or chemical engineering can move into chemistry roles, and laboratory technicians can progress through part-time study. - **Chemistry degree.** A chemistry degree covers organic, inorganic, physical and analytical chemistry, with a large amount of laboratory work. Accreditation by a professional chemistry body can help with jobs and professional recognition. Many programmes offer a year in industry or a research project, which gives useful experience for work in industry or for further study. - **Postgraduate research.** A master's or PhD lets you specialise in areas such as medicinal, materials, environmental or computational chemistry. A PhD is usually needed for independent research roles in universities and in many industrial research teams. It also develops project management and problem-solving skills that employers value. - **Technician or apprenticeship route.** In some countries, including Germany and the UK, you can train as a laboratory technician through an apprenticeship or vocational programme. Some schemes lead to a degree while you work. With experience and further study, technicians can move into chemist or analyst roles. ### Do you need a licence to work as a chemist? Chemistry is not a regulated profession in most countries, so you do not need a licence to work as a chemist. A few countries, such as the Philippines, require chemists to pass a licensing exam. Voluntary professional status, such as Chartered Chemist in the UK, can support your career. Laboratories in regulated industries must follow quality standards such as good laboratory practice (GLP) and good manufacturing practice (GMP), and handling some chemicals requires special permits. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$91,240 (BLS OEWS, SOC 19-2031) ### Job outlook Chemists are needed in pharmaceuticals, materials, energy storage, semiconductors, food, agriculture and environmental testing, which spreads demand across the economy. Growth areas include battery materials, more sustainable chemicals and recycling. Traditional chemical manufacturing can be affected by energy costs and by production moving between countries. Laboratory automation and AI are taking over some routine testing, so chemists with skills in data analysis, instrument methods and problem solving are likely to be most in demand. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a chemistry degree?** Common jobs include analytical chemist, research chemist, quality control analyst, formulation scientist, forensic scientist and laboratory manager. With further study, chemistry graduates can also become chemical engineers or pharmacists. Others work as food scientists, patent attorneys, science teachers and data analysts. The degree's problem-solving and numerical skills are valued outside science too. **Is a chemist the same as a pharmacist?** No. In British English, a pharmacy shop is often called a chemist, which causes confusion. A pharmacist is a regulated healthcare professional who needs a pharmacy degree and a licence to prepare and supply medicines. A chemist is a scientist who studies and works with chemicals, usually in a laboratory, and does not need a licence in most countries. **Do chemists need a PhD?** Not for every job. A bachelor's or master's is enough for many roles in quality control, analysis, testing and manufacturing support. A PhD is usually expected for independent research in universities and for many research and development roles in industry. It can also lead to faster progress into senior scientific positions. **Is chemistry a good career?** Chemistry offers varied work across many industries, from medicines to clean energy, and the skills are useful worldwide. However, entry-level laboratory jobs can be competitive and repetitive, and some industries rise and fall with the economy. Many chemists progress by specialising, moving into management or regulatory work, or adding skills in data analysis and programming. ## Physicist URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/physicist/ ISCO-08: 2111 · SOC: 19-2012 · Degree required · No licence needed in most countries Physicists study matter, energy, forces and the laws of nature, from tiny particles to the whole universe. They use experiments, mathematics and computer models to answer questions and to develop technologies such as lasers, sensors, semiconductors and medical imaging. Most research physicists have a PhD and work in universities, national laboratories, government agencies or technology, energy and healthcare companies. ### What does a physicist do? - Develop theories and mathematical models to explain physical processes. - Design and run experiments using specialist equipment and instruments. - Write computer programs to simulate systems and analyse large datasets. - Apply physics to develop new technologies, materials or products. - Publish research papers and present findings at conferences. - Write proposals to win funding or time at large research facilities. - Work with engineers, computer scientists and other scientists on shared projects. Physicists work in universities, national and international research laboratories, government agencies, and companies in semiconductors, optics, energy, aerospace, defence, healthcare and technology. Most work involves computers, laboratories or both, and some projects need visits to large facilities such as particle accelerators, telescopes or reactors. Research often involves international teams. Early-career research posts are usually fixed-term, and many people move between countries for postdoctoral positions. ### What skills do you need? - Advanced mathematics - Programming, for example in Python or C++ - Data analysis and statistics - Experimental and measurement techniques - Computer modelling and simulation - Problem solving and abstract thinking - Scientific writing and presentation - Persistence with complex problems ### How do you become a physicist? Start with a bachelor's or integrated master's degree in physics, which usually takes three to five years depending on the country. Strong mathematics is essential. For jobs with the title physicist, especially in research, a PhD is usually required, followed in universities by one or more postdoctoral posts. Many physics graduates instead use their skills in engineering, data science, software, finance or teaching. Summer research projects, programming experience and laboratory work help on every route. Graduates in mathematics, engineering or chemistry can move into physics through a master's. - **Degree and PhD.** A physics degree followed by a PhD is the standard route into research. A PhD takes about three to five years, depending on the country and whether a master's comes first. After that, most academic physicists do one or more fixed-term postdoctoral jobs before they compete for permanent posts. - **Industry and applied physics.** Graduates with a bachelor's or master's can work in applied roles in semiconductors, optics, energy, instrumentation, aerospace and defence. Some join as engineers or technical specialists. A master's in an applied area, such as photonics or materials, can help. A PhD is useful but not required for many industrial roles. - **Related degree and master's.** Graduates in mathematics, engineering, chemistry or computer science can move towards physics through a master's in physics or an applied field such as astrophysics, medical physics or materials science. This route works best if your first degree included a lot of mathematics and some physics. ### Do you need a licence to work as a physicist? Physics is not a regulated profession in most countries, and you do not need a licence to work as a physicist. Voluntary professional status, such as Chartered Physicist in the UK, can support your career. Some specialist roles are regulated. Medical physicists who work in hospitals usually need certification or registration, and people who work with radiation or nuclear material must follow strict safety rules and may need specific training. Check the requirements in your country. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$172,250 (BLS OEWS, SOC 19-2012) ### Job outlook Physics skills are used in growing fields such as semiconductors, quantum technology, renewable energy, nuclear power, space and medical imaging. Permanent academic research posts are few and highly competitive, and research funding depends on government decisions. Many physics graduates find strong careers outside physics, because employers value their mathematical, programming and problem-solving skills. Those who build programming and data skills alongside physics usually have the widest choice. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a physics degree?** Physics graduates work as research scientists, engineers, data scientists, software developers, medical physicists, meteorologists, teachers and financial analysts. The degree develops strong mathematics, modelling and programming skills that employers in many sectors value. Only some graduates work with the title physicist, but many use physics every day in engineering, technology or data roles. **Do you need a PhD to be a physicist?** For research roles with the title physicist, a PhD is usually expected. With a bachelor's or master's, you can work in applied physics, engineering, technical or data roles, often doing similar work under a different job title. If you want to lead research in a university or national laboratory, plan for a PhD. **Is physics harder than engineering?** They are hard in different ways. Physics goes deeper into theory and mathematics and asks why things happen. Engineering applies physics to design things that work within cost and safety limits, with more practical projects. Many students find physics more abstract. Both need strong mathematics and a lot of practice. **Can physicists become engineers?** Yes. Many physics graduates work in engineering roles, especially in electronics, optics, aerospace, energy and instrumentation, where employers value their theory and modelling skills. To become a chartered or licensed engineer, you may need further study or extra experience, because professional bodies usually expect an accredited engineering degree or an equivalent. ## Environmental scientist URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/environmental-scientist/ ISCO-08: 2133 · SOC: 19-2041 · Degree required · No licence needed in most countries Environmental scientists study the natural world and how human activity affects it. They measure pollution in air, water and soil, assess the impact of new projects, and advise on protecting ecosystems and public health. Most have a degree in environmental science or a related science, and they work for consultancies, government agencies, industry, research institutes and non-profit organisations. ### What does an environmental scientist do? - Collect samples of air, water, soil or wildlife and record field data. - Analyse samples and data to measure pollution and environmental change. - Assess the environmental impact of new buildings, roads, mines or energy projects. - Advise businesses and governments on environmental laws and how to meet them. - Plan projects to restore damaged land, rivers or habitats. - Write reports and explain findings to clients, regulators and the public. - Use GIS and computer models to map risks and predict future change. Environmental scientists work for environmental consultancies, government environment agencies, local authorities, water and energy companies, mining and manufacturing firms, research institutes and charities. The work mixes fieldwork, laboratory analysis and office time writing reports. Fieldwork can be outdoors in all weather, sometimes at remote or industrial sites, and may involve travel. Consultancy roles often have tight deadlines, while government roles focus on monitoring, permits and enforcement. ### What skills do you need? - Field sampling and survey methods - Environmental chemistry and ecology - Data analysis and statistics - Geographic information systems (GIS) - Knowledge of environmental law and policy - Report writing - Project management - Communication with non-specialists ### How do you become an environmental scientist? Most environmental scientists have a bachelor's degree in environmental science, or in a related subject such as biology, chemistry, geography, geology or ecology. A master's is common and is often expected for specialist or consultancy roles, for example in contaminated land, water quality or ecology. Fieldwork experience, volunteering with conservation groups, and skills in GIS and data analysis help you stand out. Some people start as environmental technicians or field assistants and progress with experience. Graduates from other sciences can switch through a relevant master's. - **Environmental science degree.** A degree in environmental science covers ecology, environmental chemistry, earth science, pollution, policy and research methods, usually with plenty of fieldwork. It is a flexible starting point for consultancy, regulation and research. Look for courses with practical projects and placements, and with accreditation by a professional environmental body where this exists. - **Related science degree and master's.** Graduates in biology, chemistry, geography or geology can specialise through a master's in environmental science, environmental management or a focused area such as hydrology or contaminated land. Employers value the depth of a core science combined with applied environmental skills and field experience. - **Technician or field assistant route.** Some people start as environmental technicians, sampling assistants or field surveyors, sometimes after vocational training. With experience and part-time study, they can move into scientist or consultant roles. Seasonal ecological survey work is a common first step, although it is often short-term. ### Do you need a licence to work as an environmental scientist? Environmental science is not a regulated profession in most countries, so you do not need a licence to work as an environmental scientist. Some tasks need specific permits or certificates, such as surveys of protected species or work with hazardous waste. A few places, including some US states, license professionals who sign off the clean-up of contaminated sites. Voluntary status, such as Chartered Environmentalist in the UK, can help your career. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$82,220 (BLS OEWS, SOC 19-2041) ### Job outlook Stricter environmental laws, climate change, loss of biodiversity and company sustainability reporting create steady demand for environmental expertise. Growth areas include climate risk, nature restoration, water management and the clean-up of contaminated land. However, many roles depend on government regulation and public spending, which can change after elections. Graduate entry can be competitive, so fieldwork experience and skills in data, GIS and modelling make a real difference. ### Frequently asked questions **What does an environmental scientist do?** An environmental scientist studies the environment and how people affect it. Typical work includes sampling air, water and soil, analysing pollution, surveying wildlife and habitats, and writing reports on the environmental impact of projects. Many advise businesses or governments on how to meet environmental laws and reduce harm to nature and people. **What degree do you need to be an environmental scientist?** A bachelor's in environmental science is the most direct route. Degrees in biology, chemistry, geography, geology or ecology are also common. Many employers, especially consultancies, prefer candidates with a master's in a specialist area. Practical skills in fieldwork, GIS and data analysis are often as important as the degree subject. **Is environmental science a good career?** It suits people who want to protect nature and public health through practical science. Demand is growing in areas such as climate risk and nature restoration, but competition for graduate jobs can be strong, and some roles depend on government policy. Pay in conservation and charity work is often lower than in consultancy or industry. **What is the difference between environmental science and environmental engineering?** Environmental science studies natural systems and measures environmental problems. Environmental engineering designs practical solutions, such as water treatment plants, drainage systems and methods to clean up polluted land. Scientists usually come from science degrees, while engineers need an engineering degree and may seek professional registration. The two often work together on the same projects. ## Geologist URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/geologist/ ISCO-08: 2114 · SOC: 19-2042 · Degree required · Partly regulated Geologists study the Earth, including its rocks, minerals, soils and water and the processes that shape them. They find and manage resources such as metals, groundwater and energy, check ground conditions for construction, and study hazards such as earthquakes and landslides. Most have a degree in geology or earth science and work for mining, energy and engineering companies, consultancies, geological surveys or universities. ### What does a geologist do? - Map rocks and landforms in the field and collect samples. - Interpret data from drilling, satellites and geophysical surveys. - Build three-dimensional computer models of rock layers, mineral deposits or groundwater. - Assess ground conditions and geological hazards for engineering projects. - Estimate the size and quality of mineral or energy resources. - Investigate groundwater supplies and contamination. - Write technical reports for clients, investors or regulators. Geologists work for mining and quarrying companies, oil, gas and geothermal firms, engineering and environmental consultancies, national geological surveys, government agencies and universities. Fieldwork can take place in remote places, in hard conditions and for long periods, and some mining jobs use fly-in, fly-out rotations. Other roles are mainly office-based, working with data and models. Jobs often depend on where resources are found, so you may need to move or travel widely. ### What skills do you need? - Field mapping and sampling - Identifying minerals and rocks - Geological modelling software - Geographic information systems (GIS) - Data analysis - Report writing - Physical fitness for fieldwork - Safety awareness in remote places ### How do you become a geologist? Start with a bachelor's degree in geology, geoscience or earth science, which usually includes long periods of field training. Many employers prefer a master's, especially for specialist areas such as hydrogeology, engineering geology or mineral exploration. Fieldwork, summer jobs with mining or survey companies, and skills in GIS and modelling software help you get started. In some countries you must later gain supervised experience and pass an exam to become a licensed or registered professional geologist. Graduates in physics, chemistry, geography or environmental science can move into geology through a master's. - **Geology or earth science degree.** A geology degree covers minerals, rocks, structural geology, sedimentology, geophysics and geochemistry, with a strong focus on fieldwork. Accredited degrees, where they exist, support later professional registration. Field courses are an important part of the degree and often take place in other regions or countries. - **Master's specialisation.** A master's lets you specialise in fields such as hydrogeology, engineering geology, petroleum geoscience, mineral exploration or geophysics. Many consultancies and mining companies prefer applicants with a relevant master's. It is also a way for graduates in related sciences or engineering to enter the field. - **Technician route.** Some people start as field or laboratory technicians, core samplers or drilling assistants, sometimes after vocational training. With experience and further study, they can move into geologist roles. This route is more common in mining regions, but a degree is usually needed to progress to senior technical positions. ### Do you need a licence to work as a geologist? Geology is partly regulated. In many US states, you need a Professional Geologist licence to offer geological services to the public or to sign certain reports. In most Canadian provinces, you must register as a Professional Geoscientist to practise. In the UK, Chartered Geologist status is voluntary. Reports on mineral resources for stock exchanges must be signed by a qualified or competent person, under codes such as the JORC Code in Australia. Check the rules in your country. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$101,920 (BLS OEWS, SOC 19-2042) ### Job outlook Demand for geologists is linked to mining, energy and construction. The energy transition is increasing the need for critical minerals such as lithium and copper, and for geothermal energy, groundwater and underground carbon storage. Oil and gas hiring rises and falls with prices and may decline over time. Mining is cyclical, so jobs can disappear quickly in downturns. Geologists with data, modelling and environmental skills are likely to have more stable careers. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a geology degree?** Common jobs include exploration geologist, mining geologist, engineering geologist, hydrogeologist, geophysicist and environmental consultant. Geology graduates also work in geological surveys, geotechnical engineering, carbon storage, geothermal energy, GIS, data analysis and teaching. Many roles combine fieldwork with computer modelling, and some specialist jobs need a master's degree. **Do geologists travel a lot?** Many do, especially early in their careers. Exploration and mining geologists often work in remote places for weeks at a time, sometimes on fly-in, fly-out rotations. Engineering and environmental geologists usually make shorter site visits. Senior and office-based roles involve less fieldwork. If you enjoy travel and outdoor work, geology can be a good fit. **Is geology a good career for the future?** Geology is changing. Oil and gas may offer fewer jobs over time, but the energy transition needs geologists to find critical minerals, manage groundwater, develop geothermal energy and store carbon underground. Engineering and environmental geology also remain important. The job market is cyclical, so flexibility and data skills help you through downturns. **Do you need a licence to be a geologist?** It depends on the country. In many US states you need a Professional Geologist licence to offer services to the public, and in most Canadian provinces you must register as a Professional Geoscientist to practise. In other countries, such as the UK, professional status is voluntary. Public reports on mineral resources must be signed by qualified professionals. ## Statistician URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/statistician/ ISCO-08: 2120 · SOC: 15-2041 · Degree required · No licence needed in most countries Statisticians collect, analyse and interpret data to answer questions and support decisions. They design surveys and experiments, build statistical models, and explain what the results mean and how certain they are. Most have a degree in statistics or mathematics, often with a master's, and work in health research, pharmaceuticals, government statistics offices, finance, technology, market research or universities. ### What does a statistician do? - Design surveys, experiments and clinical trials so that results are reliable. - Clean, check and prepare data for analysis. - Choose and apply statistical methods and models to answer questions. - Write code in languages such as R, Python or SAS to analyse data. - Interpret results and explain what they mean, including how certain they are. - Present findings in reports, charts and presentations for non-specialists. - Advise researchers and managers on how to collect and analyse data. Statisticians work for national statistics offices, government departments, pharmaceutical and clinical research companies, hospitals and public health bodies, banks and insurers, technology firms, market research agencies and universities. The work is computer-based, and hybrid or remote working is common in many countries. Statisticians often work in teams with scientists, doctors, economists or business managers. Deadlines can be tight around clinical trial results or the release of official statistics. ### What skills do you need? - Probability and statistical theory - Statistical programming in R, Python or SAS - Experimental and survey design - Data cleaning and management - Data visualisation - Critical thinking - Explaining uncertainty clearly - Attention to detail ### How do you become a statistician? Most statisticians have a bachelor's degree in statistics, mathematics or a closely related subject with strong statistics content. A master's in statistics, biostatistics or applied statistics is common and often required, especially in pharmaceuticals and health research. Research and senior academic roles usually need a PhD. Employers expect programming skills in R, Python or SAS. Graduates in economics, psychology, physics or other numerical subjects can move in through a master's. Government statistics offices in many countries run graduate training schemes. - **Statistics or mathematics degree.** A degree in statistics or mathematics covers probability, statistical inference, regression, experimental design and programming. Choose options in applied statistics and data analysis, and try to complete a placement or project using real data. Some professional bodies accredit statistics degrees, which can help with later professional recognition. - **Master's in statistics or biostatistics.** A master's is the most common way to become a statistician, both for mathematics graduates and for people from other numerical subjects. Biostatistics programmes lead into clinical trials and public health, while applied statistics programmes lead into government, finance and industry. Most master's courses take one or two years. - **Related numerical degree.** Graduates in economics, psychology, physics, engineering or data science can move into statistical work, often starting as data analysts or research assistants. Building a strong base in statistical theory and programming, through further study or on the job, helps you progress to statistician roles. ### Do you need a licence to work as a statistician? Statistics is not a regulated profession, and you do not need a licence to work as a statistician. Voluntary professional recognition is available in some countries, such as Chartered Statistician from the Royal Statistical Society in the UK and Accredited Professional Statistician from the American Statistical Association. Statisticians in clinical trials follow international guidelines, and those in official statistics follow codes of practice. Data protection laws apply when you handle personal data. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$105,650 (BLS OEWS, SOC 15-2041) ### Job outlook Organisations in every sector rely on data, so people who can analyse it correctly and measure uncertainty are widely needed. Health research, clinical trials, public policy and finance all depend on statisticians. The role increasingly overlaps with data science, and automated tools and AI can now do much routine analysis. Statisticians who understand study design, can judge whether results are reliable and communicate clearly are likely to remain in demand. ### Frequently asked questions **What is the difference between a statistician and a data scientist?** The roles overlap. Statisticians focus on study design, statistical theory and measuring uncertainty, often in health, government and research. Data scientists usually work with larger and messier datasets and use more programming, machine learning and software engineering, often in technology and business. Many people move between the two roles during their careers. **What degree do you need to be a statistician?** Most statisticians have a degree in statistics or mathematics, and many employers prefer a master's in statistics or biostatistics. Graduates in economics, psychology, physics or engineering can also qualify through a master's. Research and senior academic roles usually need a PhD. Strong programming skills are expected in almost every role. **Is statistics a good career?** Statistics skills are needed in health, government, finance, technology and research, which gives you many options and some protection when one sector slows. Many roles offer flexible and remote working. The work requires patience, careful checking and strong mathematics. If you enjoy solving problems with data and explaining results, it can be a rewarding career. **Will AI replace statisticians?** AI and automated tools can already run routine analyses, which changes what junior statisticians do. However, someone still needs to design studies, choose the right methods, check assumptions, spot bias and explain what results really mean. Statisticians who can do this, and who can use AI tools well, are likely to remain in demand. ## Agronomist URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/agronomist/ ISCO-08: 2132 · SOC: 19-1013 · Degree required · No licence needed in most countries Agronomists are scientists who help farmers grow crops more productively and sustainably. They study soils, plants, water, pests and climate, and advise on crop choice, fertilisers, irrigation and pest control. Most have a degree in agronomy, agriculture, plant science or soil science, and work for farms, agricultural suppliers, advisory services, research institutes, governments or development organisations. ### What does an agronomist do? - Visit farms to inspect crops, soils and growing conditions. - Advise farmers on crop varieties, planting, fertilisers, irrigation and pest control. - Take soil and plant samples and interpret laboratory results. - Run field trials to test new crop varieties, products or farming methods. - Use satellite images, drones and farm data to guide decisions. - Develop plans to protect soil health, water quality and biodiversity. - Keep up to date with rules on pesticides, fertilisers and the environment. Agronomists work for seed, fertiliser and crop protection companies, farm advisory businesses, cooperatives, large farms, food companies, government agriculture departments, research institutes and international development organisations. Many spend much of their time on farms and driving between clients, especially during the growing season. Others work mainly in laboratories, trial fields or offices. Workloads follow the farming calendar, with busy periods at planting and harvest. Many jobs are in rural areas. ### What skills do you need? - Plant and soil science - Crop protection and pest management - Field trial design and statistics - Precision farming tools and GIS - Knowledge of farming systems - Communication with farmers - Practical problem solving - Sales and customer relationships ### How do you become an agronomist? Most agronomists have a bachelor's degree in agronomy, agriculture, crop science, plant science, soil science or biology. A master's is common for research, specialist and senior roles, and research scientists usually have a PhD. Practical farm experience is very valuable, whether it comes from growing up on a farm, summer jobs or placements. Many graduates start as trainee agronomists with suppliers or advisory firms. People with farming experience can move into agronomy through part-time study, and some countries offer vocational agriculture courses that lead into advisory work. - **Agriculture or agronomy degree.** A degree in agronomy, agriculture or crop science covers plant biology, soil science, crop protection, farm management and agricultural economics, often with fieldwork and a farm placement. In many countries, agronomy is taught as agricultural engineering or agricultural science, and some of these programmes last five years. - **Science degree and specialisation.** Graduates in biology, plant science, chemistry or environmental science can move into agronomy through a master's or a trainee job with an agricultural company. Employers expect you to learn practical farming quickly, so work experience on farms makes a big difference. - **Vocational and farming route.** People who have worked on farms or completed vocational agricultural training can become advisers after further study and certification. Some countries offer recognised adviser qualifications, for example in crop protection or nutrient management. This route values practical knowledge, but a degree helps with research and senior roles. ### Do you need a licence to work as an agronomist? In most countries you do not need a licence to work as an agronomist. However, in some countries, such as Brazil and Italy, agronomy is a regulated profession, and you must register with a professional body to practise or to use the title. Advising on or applying pesticides usually needs a separate certificate or licence. Voluntary certification, such as Certified Crop Adviser in the United States and Canada, is also common. Check the rules where you want to work. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$78,850 (BLS OEWS, SOC 19-1013) ### Job outlook The world needs to produce more food while using less land, water and chemicals, and farming must adapt to climate change. This supports demand for agronomists, especially in sustainable farming, soil health, precision farming and crops that can cope with drought or heat. Farm incomes and food prices can affect how much farmers spend on advice. Sensors, satellite data and software are changing the job, so agronomists with data and technology skills are likely to be in demand. ### Frequently asked questions **What does an agronomist do?** An agronomist helps farmers produce healthy, profitable crops while protecting soil, water and the environment. Day to day, this can include inspecting fields, testing soil, identifying plant diseases and pests, and recommending fertilisers, crop varieties and irrigation. Some agronomists work in research, running field trials to develop better crops and farming methods. **Do you need to grow up on a farm to become an agronomist?** No. Many successful agronomists come from cities. But you do need a good understanding of how farms work, so placements, summer jobs and time with farmers are very valuable. Farmers are more likely to trust advice from someone who understands their daily challenges and the economics of farming. **What is the difference between an agronomist and an agricultural scientist?** Agricultural science is a broad field that includes crops, animals, soils, food and farm economics. Agronomy is the part that focuses on crops and soils. In practice the titles overlap, and many countries use agronomist for both advisers and researchers. Agricultural scientists may also work with livestock or food processing. **Is agronomy a good career?** It can be a good choice if you enjoy science, working outdoors and helping people solve practical problems. Food production is needed everywhere, and there is growing interest in sustainable farming and new technology. Many jobs are in rural areas, and the work can be seasonal and depend on the weather. Farm experience and a driving licence are often expected. ## Food scientist URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/food-scientist/ ISCO-08: 2145 · SOC: 19-1012 · Degree required · No licence needed in most countries Food scientists study the chemistry, biology and physics of food and use that knowledge to develop new products, improve recipes, and keep food safe, nutritious and long-lasting. Food technologists apply this science in factories and product development. Most have a degree in food science, food technology, chemistry, biology or a related subject, and work for food manufacturers, ingredient suppliers, retailers, regulators or research institutes. ### What does a food scientist do? - Develop new food and drink products and improve existing recipes. - Test food for safety, quality, nutritional content and shelf life. - Design and check food safety systems, such as HACCP plans. - Work with production teams to scale up recipes for factory manufacture. - Check that ingredients, labels and processes meet food laws. - Run taste tests and consumer panels to assess new products. - Audit suppliers and investigate quality problems or complaints. Food scientists work for food and drink manufacturers, ingredient and flavour companies, supermarkets and other retailers, contract testing laboratories, government food safety agencies and universities. Roles range from laboratory and test-kitchen work to factory-based quality and production jobs. Factory roles may involve shift work, protective clothing and cold or noisy environments. Product development and retail roles can involve travel to suppliers and production sites. ### What skills do you need? - Food chemistry and microbiology - Food safety systems such as HACCP - Product development - Laboratory and sensory testing - Knowledge of food law and labelling - Statistics and data analysis - Project management - Teamwork with production and marketing staff ### How do you become a food scientist? Most food scientists have a bachelor's degree in food science, food technology or a related subject such as chemistry, biology, microbiology, nutrition or chemical engineering. In some countries, degrees are accredited by a national food science institute. A master's is common for research and specialist roles, and research scientists usually have a PhD. Placements in food companies are very valuable. Graduates in other sciences can move in through a master's in food science or a technical trainee role, and some countries offer food technology apprenticeships. - **Food science degree.** A degree in food science or food technology covers food chemistry, microbiology, processing, nutrition, food safety and product development. Many programmes include pilot plant work and industry placements. It is the most direct route into food manufacturing, quality and product development roles. - **Related science degree.** Graduates in chemistry, biology, microbiology, nutrition or chemical engineering can enter food science roles, especially in quality control, laboratory testing or process development. A master's in food science, or on-the-job training in food safety systems, helps you move into product development or technical management. - **Apprenticeship or vocational route.** In some countries, including the UK, food manufacturers offer apprenticeships in food technology, and some of these lead to a degree. You can also start as a quality or laboratory technician in a food factory and progress with training. This route builds strong practical experience of how food is produced. ### Do you need a licence to work as a food scientist? Food science is not a regulated profession, so you do not need a licence to work as a food scientist. The food industry itself is strictly regulated, and food scientists help companies meet national food safety and labelling laws. Training in food safety systems such as HACCP is often expected. Some food science bodies offer voluntary professional recognition, such as the Certified Food Scientist credential in the United States or professional registration in the UK. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$88,720 (BLS OEWS, SOC 19-1012) ### Job outlook Food scientists are needed wherever food is processed, so demand is spread across many countries. Growth areas include plant-based and alternative proteins, healthier recipes with less sugar and salt, more sustainable packaging, reducing food waste and food safety testing. Manufacturers face strong pressure on costs, which can limit hiring. Changing regulations and consumer interest in health and sustainability continue to create work for scientists who understand both food science and consumer needs. ### Frequently asked questions **What is the difference between a food scientist and a food technologist?** The terms overlap and are often used for the same jobs. Food scientists tend to focus on research into the chemistry, biology and physics of food. Food technologists apply that science to develop products, run production and keep food safe in factories. Many job adverts use either title for similar work. **What is the difference between a food scientist and a nutritionist or dietitian?** Food scientists work on food itself: how it is made, preserved, tested and kept safe. Nutritionists study how food affects health. Dietitians are regulated healthcare professionals in many countries who give medical nutrition advice to patients. Some food scientists work closely with nutritionists to develop healthier products. **What jobs can you get with a food science degree?** Common jobs include food technologist, product developer, quality assurance manager, food safety auditor, sensory scientist, laboratory analyst and regulatory affairs specialist. Graduates also work for supermarkets, government food safety agencies, ingredient suppliers and research institutes. The mix of science and practical industry skills also leads into production management and technical sales. **Is food science a good career?** Food science offers fairly stable work, because everyone needs safe food and the industry exists in almost every country. It suits people who enjoy practical science, creativity and teamwork. Some factory-based roles involve shifts and pressure to fix problems quickly. Graduates who gain industry placements and food safety training usually find it easier to get their first job. ## Graphic designer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/graphic-designer/ ISCO-08: 2166 · SOC: 27-1024 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries Graphic designers create visual content that communicates ideas, such as logos, brand identities, packaging, posters, publications, websites and social media graphics. They combine creative ideas with typography, colour, layout and images. Many study graphic design or visual communication at a college or university, but a strong portfolio matters most. They work in agencies, in-house teams or as freelancers. ### What does a graphic designer do? - Meet clients or colleagues to understand the message, audience and budget. - Develop design ideas through sketches, mood boards and first drafts. - Create logos, layouts, illustrations and graphics using design software. - Choose fonts, colours and images that suit the brand and audience. - Prepare files correctly for print, websites, apps and social media. - Present designs, respond to feedback and make changes. - Keep branding consistent across all materials by following brand guidelines. Graphic designers work in design and advertising agencies, publishing and media companies, printing firms, marketing departments, charities and public bodies. Many work as freelancers, taking projects from several clients, including clients in other countries. The work is based in a studio or at home and is mostly done at a computer. Deadlines can be tight, especially in advertising and publishing, and freelancers need business skills to find clients and manage an irregular income. ### What skills do you need? - Typography and layout - Colour theory and visual composition - Professional design software - Branding and visual identity - Preparing files for print and digital use - Creativity and generating ideas - Taking feedback and working to deadlines - Client communication ### How do you become a graphic designer? Most graphic designers study graphic design, visual communication, illustration or a related subject at a college, art school or university. Employers usually judge candidates by their portfolio rather than their qualifications, so building a varied collection of your best work is essential. Internships, student competitions and freelance projects for local businesses or charities help you gain experience. People from other fields can switch through short courses and self-study, but they need a portfolio that shows strong design skills, not just software knowledge. - **University or art school degree.** A bachelor's degree in graphic design, visual communication or a related field teaches design principles, typography, image-making and professional practice. Many programmes include real client briefs, internships and a final exhibition that helps you meet employers. Some countries also offer shorter diplomas at art and design colleges. - **Vocational training or apprenticeship.** Vocational diplomas and apprenticeships in design, media or printing are available in many countries. In Germany and Switzerland, for example, you can train as a media or graphic designer through a recognised apprenticeship. These routes combine practical work with study and often lead directly to jobs in agencies and printing firms. - **Self-taught or short courses.** Some designers learn through online courses, books and practice, then build a portfolio through personal and freelance projects. This route is possible because clients mainly judge your work, but it is harder to get feedback and professional contacts. Joining design communities and finding a mentor can help. ### Do you need a licence to work as a graphic designer? Graphic design is not a regulated profession, and anyone can work as a graphic designer without a licence. Professional associations in many countries offer membership, codes of practice and sometimes accreditation, but these are voluntary. Designers do need to understand copyright and trademark rules, for example when using fonts, images or other people's work, and these laws differ between countries. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$62,960 (BLS OEWS, SOC 27-1024) ### Job outlook Organisations still need strong visual identities and content for many channels, but graphic design is a competitive field. Online templates and AI image tools now handle many simple tasks, such as basic social media graphics, which puts pressure on low-cost and entry-level work. Designers who offer strategic thinking, brand development, motion or digital design skills, or deep knowledge of a sector are in a stronger position. Many designers later move into UX/UI design or art direction. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need a degree to be a graphic designer?** A degree is common but not always required. Clients and employers mainly judge your portfolio, so self-taught designers and people with short-course training can find work. A degree or diploma gives you structured training, feedback, contacts and internships, and it can help with larger employers and work visas in some countries. **What should a graphic design portfolio include?** Choose a small selection of your strongest projects rather than everything you have made. Show a range of work, such as branding, print and digital design. For each project, explain the brief, your ideas and the final result. Real client or internship work carries extra weight, and an online portfolio makes it easy to share. **Is graphic design a good career?** It can be rewarding if you enjoy solving visual problems and are comfortable with feedback and deadlines. It is competitive, and pay for beginners and freelancers is often modest. AI and template tools are reducing some simple work, so designers who build strategic, digital or specialist skills usually have better long-term prospects. **What is the difference between a graphic designer and a UX/UI designer?** Graphic designers create visual communication for print and digital media, such as logos, posters and brand materials. UX/UI designers design how digital products work and how people use them, which involves user research and testing as well as visual design. Many graphic designers move into UI design by adding these skills. ## Journalist URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/journalist/ ISCO-08: 2642 · SOC: 27-3023 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries Journalists find, check and report news and stories for newspapers, websites, television, radio, podcasts and social media. They interview people, research facts and write or present stories that are accurate and fair. Many study journalism or another subject such as politics, history or languages, but practical experience and published work are essential. The field is competitive, and many journalists work freelance. ### What does a journalist do? - Find story ideas through research, contacts, press releases and events. - Interview people in person, by phone or online, and record what they say accurately. - Check facts, documents and sources before publishing. - Write articles, scripts or posts to tight deadlines. - Record audio, video and photos for online and broadcast stories. - Work with editors to improve stories and follow legal and ethical rules. - Build and protect relationships with sources. Journalists work for newspapers, magazines, news websites, news agencies, broadcasters, podcasts and specialist trade publications. Many work freelance, selling stories to several outlets. The job mixes office or remote work with reporting in the field, for example at courts, local councils, events and disaster areas, and sometimes in conflict zones. Hours are irregular because news happens at any time, so evening, weekend and shift work is common. In some countries journalists face harassment or real risks to their safety. ### What skills do you need? - Clear, accurate writing - Interviewing and listening - Research and fact-checking - Media law and ethics - Audio, video and social media skills - Working fast under deadline pressure - Curiosity and persistence - Data skills for investigative reporting ### How do you become a journalist? Many journalists have a degree in journalism, media or communications. Others study subjects such as politics, economics, history, science or languages and then add journalism training, often through a postgraduate course. In all cases, practical experience is essential. Student media, blogs, podcasts, local news, internships and freelance work help you build a portfolio of published stories. In some countries, employers value qualifications from accredited journalism training bodies. Specialist knowledge, a second language or data skills can help you stand out. - **University degree.** A bachelor's degree in journalism or media teaches reporting, writing, media law and ethics, often with practical work in student newsrooms. Degrees in politics, economics, history, languages or science are also useful, especially for specialist reporting. Choose a course that includes practical training and work placements. - **Postgraduate course or trainee scheme.** Graduates of other subjects often take a one-year postgraduate journalism course. Some broadcasters, news agencies and newspapers run paid trainee schemes that combine training with real work, such as the traineeships common in German-speaking countries. Places on these schemes are limited and competitive. - **Freelance or self-built route.** Some journalists start by writing for local or specialist publications, running their own newsletters, blogs or podcasts, or pitching stories as freelancers. This can build a portfolio and contacts without formal training. However, income is often unstable at first, and you must learn media law and ethics to avoid legal problems. ### Do you need a licence to work as a journalist? Journalism is open in most countries, and there is no licence to practise, partly to protect press freedom. Some countries issue official press cards or accreditation to access government events, courts or parliament, and a few governments require journalists or media outlets to register. Laws on defamation, privacy, reporting on court cases and protecting sources differ widely between countries. Professional codes of ethics are usually voluntary, but many employers expect you to follow them. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$62,200 (BLS OEWS, SOC 27-3023) ### Job outlook The news industry has changed greatly as readers and advertising moved online. Many local newspapers have closed or cut staff, and full-time jobs are scarce and competitive in many countries. At the same time, there is demand for digital, video, audio and data journalism, and for specialist reporting in areas such as science, finance and technology. AI tools are changing research and production, while trust and careful verification matter more than ever. Many journalists combine reporting with freelance, teaching or communications work. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need a journalism degree to become a journalist?** No. Many journalists studied other subjects, such as politics, history, economics or science, and learned journalism through postgraduate courses, trainee schemes or practical experience. What matters most is a portfolio of published work, strong writing and knowledge of media law and ethics. A journalism degree helps by giving you training and newsroom experience. **How do you get into journalism with no experience?** Start by publishing your own work. Write for student or local media, start a newsletter, blog or podcast, and pitch stories to publications. Apply for internships and work experience in newsrooms, and learn basic media law. Early work is often unpaid or poorly paid in many countries, so plan for that. **Is journalism a dying career?** Journalism is not disappearing, but it is changing. Traditional print jobs have declined, and many outlets have cut staff, so competition for full-time roles is strong. Digital, audio, video, data and specialist journalism offer new opportunities. Many journalists now work across several formats or combine freelance reporting with other work. **What is the difference between a journalist and a writer?** Journalists report on real events and people, and their work must be factual, checked and fair. Writers may produce fiction, non-fiction books, scripts or marketing content, and often have more freedom in style and subject. The skills overlap, and many journalists also write books or move into public relations and communications roles. ## Public relations officer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/public-relations-officer/ ISCO-08: 2432 · SOC: 27-3031 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries Public relations (PR) officers manage how an organisation communicates with the public, the media and other groups. They write press releases, answer journalists' questions, run social media and campaigns, and help protect the organisation's reputation during a crisis. Many have a degree in communications, PR, journalism, marketing or a humanities subject. They work in PR agencies, companies, governments, charities and international organisations. ### What does a public relations officer do? - Write press releases, speeches, articles, website content and social media posts. - Build relationships with journalists and respond to media questions. - Plan and run communication campaigns for products, services or causes. - Monitor news and social media coverage and report on results. - Organise press conferences, events and interviews. - Prepare the organisation's response to a crisis or negative news. - Advise managers on how to communicate with staff, customers and the public. PR officers work in PR and communications agencies, where they handle several clients, or in-house for companies, universities, hospitals, governments, political parties, charities and international organisations. The work is mostly office-based or hybrid, with regular events, meetings and media interviews. Hours can be long before launches or during a crisis, when you may need to respond to journalists in the evening or at weekends. Some roles involve travel. ### What skills do you need? - Excellent writing and editing - Media relations - Social media and digital communication - Campaign planning - Crisis communication - Research and media monitoring - Confidence and networking - Good judgement under pressure ### How do you become a public relations officer? Many PR officers have a degree in public relations, communications, journalism, marketing, politics or English, but employers accept graduates from many subjects if they write well. Some countries offer specialist PR degrees recognised by professional bodies. Internships, student societies, volunteering for charities and managing social media for events all help you gain relevant experience. Journalists often move into PR because they understand how the media works. Entry-level roles are often called PR assistant or account executive, especially in agencies. Qualifications from national PR associations can support later progression. - **University degree.** A bachelor's degree in PR, communications, journalism or marketing gives you direct preparation, often with work placements. Degrees in English, languages, politics or history are also common, because they build writing and research skills. Some programmes are recognised by national PR associations. - **Graduate scheme or internship.** Large PR agencies, companies and government communication services in some countries run graduate schemes and internships that train new entrants on the job. Competition for places is strong, so writing samples, social media work and relevant volunteering help your application. In some countries internships are unpaid, which can limit access. - **Switching from journalism or marketing.** Journalists, marketers, event organisers and political staff often move into PR, because they already have media contacts, writing skills or campaign experience. Short professional courses from PR associations can fill gaps in knowledge, such as strategy, measurement and crisis communication. This route is common in mid-career. ### Do you need a licence to work as a public relations officer? Public relations is not a regulated profession, so you do not need a licence to work in PR. National PR associations in many countries offer membership, qualifications and codes of ethics, but these are voluntary. If your work includes lobbying governments, some countries and the European Union have lobbying registers that you or your employer may need to join. You must also follow laws on advertising, defamation and data protection, and market disclosure rules for listed companies. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$74,750 (BLS OEWS, SOC 27-3031) ### Job outlook Organisations continue to need people who can manage their reputation and explain their work clearly, especially as news spreads quickly on social media. The job has moved towards digital content, work with online influencers, measuring results with data, and crisis response. AI tools now draft routine press releases and posts, which may reduce some junior tasks. PR professionals with strong judgement, good relationships, strategic thinking and high ethical standards are likely to remain in demand. Entry-level competition is strong. ### Frequently asked questions **What degree do you need for public relations?** There is no single required degree. PR, communications, journalism and marketing degrees are the most direct, but many PR officers studied English, languages, politics, history or business. Employers care most about strong writing, an understanding of the media and relevant experience from internships, volunteering or student activities. **What is the difference between PR and marketing?** Marketing mainly focuses on promoting and selling products or services, often through paid advertising. Public relations focuses on reputation and relationships with the media, the public, staff, investors and governments, usually through news coverage and communication rather than paid adverts. In many organisations the two teams work closely together. **Is PR a stressful job?** It can be. Deadlines, demanding clients and unexpected news can create pressure, and crisis communication may mean working late or at weekends. Many people enjoy the variety and teamwork. In-house roles in stable organisations are often more predictable than agency roles, where you may handle several clients at once. **Can a journalist move into public relations?** Yes, this is a very common move. Journalists bring writing skills, news judgement and an understanding of what reporters need, which PR teams value. They usually need to learn about campaign planning, strategy and measuring results, and get used to working for a client or employer rather than for readers. ## Translator URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/translator/ ISCO-08: 2643 · SOC: 27-3091 · Degree often expected · Partly regulated Translators turn written text from one language into another, keeping the meaning, tone and purpose accurate. They work on legal, medical, technical, business, literary and digital content, and increasingly review and correct machine translation. Most have a degree in languages or translation, often with a master's in translation. Many are freelancers, and in many countries official documents must be translated by a sworn or certified translator. ### What does a translator do? - Read and research source texts to understand their meaning and context. - Translate documents, websites, software, books or subtitles into the target language. - Review and correct machine translation output, a task often called post-editing. - Use translation memory and terminology tools to keep wording consistent. - Research specialist terms in fields such as law, medicine or engineering. - Check and proofread translations by other translators. - Adapt content to local culture, units and conventions, a process known as localisation. Many translators are self-employed and work from home for agencies and direct clients around the world. Others work in-house for translation and localisation companies, international organisations, governments, courts, publishers, law firms and technology companies. The work is computer-based and mostly done alone, with deadlines that can be tight. Freelancers can often choose their hours, but they must find clients, send invoices and cope with uneven workloads. ### What skills do you need? - Excellent command of at least two languages - Outstanding writing in the target language - Knowledge of a specialist field - Computer-assisted translation tools - Research and terminology skills - Cultural awareness - Attention to detail - Self-discipline and freelance business skills ### How do you become a translator? Most translators have a degree in modern languages, translation or linguistics, and many complete a master's degree in translation. You usually translate into your native language or the language you know best. Specialist knowledge matters a lot: a background in law, medicine, engineering or finance combined with strong language skills can lead to more specialised and steady work. Professional associations in many countries offer exams and membership that help build trust with clients. For official documents, you may need sworn or certified status, which has its own rules in each country. - **University degree.** A bachelor's degree in modern languages, translation or linguistics builds your language skills, often with time spent studying or working abroad. A master's degree in translation adds professional training, translation technology and specialist practice, and is widely respected by employers and international organisations. - **Specialist from another field.** Some translators first train and work in another field, such as law, medicine, engineering or finance, and then translate in that area. Their subject knowledge is highly valued. They usually still need to show strong translation skills, for example through a professional association's exam or a postgraduate course. - **Sworn or certified translator.** To translate official documents, such as birth certificates or court papers, many countries require you to be sworn, certified or appointed by a court or ministry. This usually involves a relevant degree or a state exam, and sometimes registration on an official list. Check the rules in the country where you want to work. ### Do you need a licence to work as a translator? Translation is partly regulated. In most countries anyone can work as a translator for general content, and the title is not protected. However, official documents often need a sworn, certified or officially appointed translator. In many European and Latin American countries, a court, ministry or professional body grants this status after an exam or proof of qualifications. In other countries, such as the United States, translator certification is voluntary and run by professional associations. Always check the rules of the country where the translation will be used. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$60,170 (BLS OEWS, SOC 27-3091) ### Job outlook Machine translation and AI tools have changed the job significantly. They now handle much routine and high-volume content, which has reduced demand and rates for some general translation work. Human translators remain important where accuracy, legal responsibility, creativity or cultural sensitivity matter, such as in legal, medical, literary and marketing texts. Many translators now spend more time editing machine output, checking quality and advising on localisation. Specialist knowledge and strong professional networks are increasingly important. ### Frequently asked questions **What is the difference between a translator and an interpreter?** Translators work with written text, such as documents, books, websites and subtitles, and have time to research and revise. Interpreters work with spoken or signed language in real time, for example at conferences, in courts or in hospitals. Some people do both, but they are different skills and often have separate training. **Do you need a degree to be a translator?** A degree is not always legally required, but most professional translators have one in languages, translation or a specialist subject. Agencies and international organisations often ask for a degree, a master's in translation or a professional qualification. For sworn or certified translation, many countries require specific qualifications or an official exam. **Will AI replace translators?** AI has already taken over some routine translation and changed how many translators work. It is less reliable for legal, medical, creative and culturally sensitive texts, where mistakes can be serious and someone must take responsibility. The job is shifting towards reviewing machine output, specialist translation and quality control, and entry-level work has become harder to find. **How many languages do you need to be a translator?** Two languages are enough to start: your native language and one other language that you know extremely well. Most translators work only into their native language. A second foreign language can bring more work, but depth of knowledge and a specialist field usually matter more than the number of languages. ## Animator URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/animator/ ISCO-08: 2166 · SOC: 27-1014 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries Animators create moving images for films, television, games, advertising, websites, apps and education. They may work in 2D, 3D, stop-motion or motion graphics, and often specialise in one stage of production, such as character animation or visual effects. Many study animation, art or design at a college or university, but studios mainly judge applicants by their showreel. Much of the work is project-based. ### What does an animator do? - Read scripts and storyboards to understand the story, style and timing. - Create characters, objects and scenes by drawing, digital modelling or building physical models. - Bring characters and objects to life with movement, timing and expression. - Use specialist 2D or 3D animation software. - Work with directors, designers and other artists and respond to feedback. - Meet strict production deadlines as part of a larger team. - Fix problems and polish scenes before final rendering or delivery. Animators work in animation and visual effects studios, game companies, advertising agencies, broadcasters, e-learning providers and in-house design teams. Large studios are concentrated in certain countries, such as Japan, the United States, Canada, France and India, but remote work has spread. Much of the industry is project-based, so many animators work on fixed-term contracts or as freelancers. Long hours before deadlines are common. ### What skills do you need? - Drawing and visual storytelling - Principles of movement and timing - 2D or 3D animation software - Modelling, rigging or visual effects for some roles - Attention to detail and patience - Taking direction and feedback - Teamwork in a production pipeline - Time management ### How do you become an animator? Most animators study animation, illustration, fine art, graphic design or computer graphics at a college, art school or university. Employers focus on your showreel, a short video of your best work, so building strong examples is the main goal of any course. Specialist animation schools and short courses teach software and techniques, and some people are largely self-taught. Internships, student film festivals, game jams and online communities help you gain experience and contacts. A good understanding of drawing, movement and acting helps, even in 3D work. - **University or art school degree.** Bachelor's degrees in animation, computer animation, illustration or visual effects cover drawing, storytelling, software and production. Good courses include team projects that are similar to real studio work and give you time to build your showreel. Many countries also offer shorter diplomas at specialist art and design colleges. - **Specialist school or short course.** Private animation schools and online programmes focus on practical skills, such as character animation or visual effects, and are often taught by industry professionals. They can suit people who already have a degree in another subject. Quality varies, so check what former students have achieved before you enrol. - **Self-taught with a showreel.** Some animators learn with free or low-cost software, tutorials and online communities. This route works because studios judge your showreel rather than your certificates, but it requires discipline and honest feedback from others. Freelance work for small clients can help you build experience and contacts. ### Do you need a licence to work as an animator? Animation is not a regulated profession, and you do not need a licence to work as an animator. Unions and guilds for animation and film workers exist in some countries, and they may negotiate pay and working conditions. Animators should understand copyright, because studios usually own the work you create for them, and freelancers need clear written contracts with their clients. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$102,030 (BLS OEWS, SOC 27-1014) ### Job outlook Demand for animation comes from streaming services, games, advertising, education and social media, so the range of employers is wide. However, work often depends on project funding, and studios can hire and cut staff quickly. Some production work moves between countries depending on costs and government incentives. AI tools are beginning to automate parts of the process, such as simple motion and in-between frames, so strong artistic judgement, storytelling and technical skills are increasingly important. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need a degree to become an animator?** Not always. Studios usually hire based on your showreel, so self-taught animators and people with short-course training can get jobs. A degree or diploma gives you structured training, feedback, equipment and contacts, and it can help with internships and work visas. Many animators have one, but the quality of your work matters most. **What should be in an animation showreel?** A showreel should be short and show only your best work, starting with the strongest piece. Adapt it to the job you want: character animators should show acting and body movement, while visual effects artists should show technical work. Clearly label what you did on each shot, especially for group projects. **What is the difference between 2D and 3D animation?** 2D animation uses flat images drawn by hand or on a computer, and is common in television series, adverts and much Japanese and European animation. 3D animation uses computer models that are rigged and moved in a digital space, and is common in feature films, games and visual effects. Skills such as timing and storytelling apply to both. **Is animation a stable career?** Animation can be rewarding, but it is often less stable than many office jobs. Much of the work is project-based, so contracts can end when a production finishes, and freelancing is common. Building a wide network, keeping your showreel up to date and learning skills that are useful in games, advertising or education can help you find steady work. ## Writer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/writer/ ISCO-08: 2641 · SOC: 27-3043 · Degree optional · No licence needed in most countries Writers create written work such as novels, non-fiction books, scripts, poems, articles, advertising copy and website content. Some mainly write and publish their own books, while others write for clients and employers. No specific degree is required, although many writers study literature, creative writing or journalism. Most writers are self-employed, and many combine writing with other paid work. ### What does a writer do? - Develop ideas for stories, books, scripts or articles. - Research facts, places, people and topics. - Write drafts and revise them many times, based on your own and others' feedback. - Pitch ideas and send work to publishers, literary agents, editors or clients. - Write to a brief, a word count and a deadline for commercial clients. - Work with editors on changes and corrections before publication. - Promote your work through events, social media and interviews. Most writers work from home or a shared workspace and manage their own time. Novelists and non-fiction authors usually work alone on long projects and deal with publishers or literary agents. Copywriters and content writers work for advertising and marketing agencies, companies, public bodies and charities, either in-house or as freelancers. Scriptwriters work with producers in film, television, theatre, games and radio. Income is often irregular, so many writers also teach, edit, translate or have another job. ### What skills do you need? - Excellent writing and storytelling - Grammar, style and editing - Research skills - Creativity and original ideas - Self-discipline and motivation - Handling criticism and rejection - Adapting your style to different audiences - Basic business and marketing skills ### How do you become a writer? There is no required qualification to become a writer. What matters is a body of good work and the ability to finish projects. Many writers study English literature, creative writing, journalism, history or philosophy, and some take a master's degree in creative writing to develop their craft and make contacts. Commercial writers often start in marketing, journalism or communications jobs. Book authors usually build experience through short stories, competitions, writing groups and online publishing before they complete a book. Reading widely and writing regularly are the most reliable ways to improve. - **University degree.** Degrees in English literature, creative writing, journalism, history or philosophy develop reading, writing and critical thinking. Creative writing programmes, including master's degrees, offer workshops, feedback from published authors and contacts with agents and publishers. However, they do not guarantee that your work will be published. - **Commercial writing career.** Many writers earn a steady income by writing for organisations as copywriters, content writers, technical writers or speechwriters. You can start through a junior role in marketing, communications or publishing, or by building a freelance portfolio. This route can also support creative writing in your spare time. - **Self-directed or self-published.** Some writers build an audience through blogs, newsletters, online fiction platforms or self-published books without formal training. Self-publishing gives you control and a direct route to readers, but you must handle editing, design and marketing yourself. Joining writing groups and paying for professional editing can improve quality. ### Do you need a licence to work as a writer? Writing is an open profession, and you do not need a licence or a specific qualification. Writers should understand copyright, which in most countries protects their work automatically under international agreements, as well as publishing contracts and defamation law. Writers' unions, guilds and societies in many countries give advice on contracts and rights, and some negotiate minimum terms for scriptwriters. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$76,910 (BLS OEWS, SOC 27-3043) ### Job outlook Writing is a highly competitive field, and only a small number of authors earn a living from books alone. Demand for commercial writing continues, but AI tools now produce basic marketing copy and web content quickly, which reduces work and rates for routine writing. Writers with original ideas, specialist knowledge, a distinctive voice or skills in editing, strategy and storytelling are in a better position. Self-publishing and online platforms have created new ways to reach readers directly. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need a degree to become a writer?** No. Many successful writers have no degree in writing or literature. A degree in English, creative writing or journalism can improve your skills and give you feedback and contacts, but publishers and clients judge your writing, not your qualifications. Reading widely, writing regularly and finishing projects matter most. **How do writers make money?** Book authors may receive advances and royalties from publishers, or earn directly from self-published sales. Many writers also earn from commercial writing, editing, teaching, grants, prizes, talks and scriptwriting. Income from books alone is uncertain for most authors, so combining several sources of income is common. **How do you get a book published?** The two main routes are traditional publishing and self-publishing. In the United States and the UK, most large publishers accept new fiction only through literary agents, so you contact agents first. In many other countries, you can send your manuscript directly to publishers. With self-publishing, you release the book yourself, in print or as an ebook. **What is the difference between a copywriter and an author?** Copywriters write for businesses and other organisations, producing adverts, websites, emails and other marketing content to a client's brief. Authors write books, usually based on their own ideas, and earn through publishing deals or sales. Copywriting usually offers more regular income, and many authors do it alongside their creative work. ## Librarian URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/librarian/ ISCO-08: 2622 · SOC: 25-4022 · Degree usually needed · No licence needed in most countries Librarians organise information and help people find, use and evaluate it. They manage print and digital collections, teach research and digital skills, and run services and events for their communities. Most professional librarians have a degree in library and information science, often at master's level. They work in public, school, university, government, law, health and business libraries. ### What does a librarian do? - Select, buy and organise books, journals, databases and digital resources. - Catalogue and classify materials so that people can find them easily. - Help users search for information and judge whether sources are reliable. - Teach research, reading and digital skills to students and the public. - Plan events, reading programmes and community activities. - Manage library systems, budgets, staff and volunteers. - Preserve and digitise special collections and archives. Librarians work in public libraries, schools, colleges, universities, hospitals, law firms, companies, research institutes, museums, national libraries and government departments. Public librarians often work evenings and weekends, while school and university librarians follow the academic year. Some specialise in areas such as law, health, research data or digital archives. The work is indoors and mixes time with library users and time at a computer. Many posts are in the public sector, so the number of jobs depends on public funding. ### What skills do you need? - Organising and cataloguing information - Research and database searching - Digital literacy and library systems - Teaching and training - Customer service - Data and records management - Management and planning - Communicating with people of all ages ### How do you become a librarian? The route depends on the country. In the United States and Canada, professional librarian posts usually require a master's degree in library and information science from an accredited programme. In many other countries, including much of Europe, Asia and Latin America, a bachelor's degree in library and information science is the main route, sometimes followed by a master's. Graduates of other subjects often enter through a postgraduate conversion course. Work experience as a library assistant or volunteer is valuable. School librarians in some countries also need a teaching qualification. - **Bachelor's degree in library and information science.** In many countries, a three- or four-year bachelor's degree in library science, information science or information management prepares you for professional posts. These programmes cover cataloguing, information retrieval, digital libraries, research methods and library management, often with work placements in real libraries. - **Postgraduate conversion course.** Graduates in any subject can take a master's degree or postgraduate diploma in library and information science, which usually lasts one to two years. This is the standard route in the United States and Canada and is common in the UK and Australia. A first degree in history, science or law can help with specialist posts. - **Library assistant route.** Many people start as library assistants, which usually does not require a degree, and study part-time for a professional qualification while working. This route gives practical experience and helps you decide which type of library suits you, although senior posts usually require a recognised qualification. ### Do you need a licence to work as a librarian? Librarianship is not a licensed profession in most countries, but many professional posts require a recognised degree. A few countries, such as Brazil, require librarians to hold an approved degree and register with a professional council. In some countries, such as France, public library posts are filled through competitive civil service exams. School librarians in parts of the United States need a teaching or school library certification. Professional associations in many countries accredit courses and offer chartered or certified status. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$68,270 (BLS OEWS, SOC 25-4022) ### Job outlook The job has changed from managing mainly printed books to managing digital resources, data, research support and information skills teaching. Demand varies by sector. Public and school libraries depend on public funding and may face cuts, while universities, research organisations, law firms and health services need specialists in digital information and data. Skills in digital collections, research data, copyright and teaching help librarians adapt. Some librarians move into related areas such as knowledge management and records management. ### Frequently asked questions **What degree do you need to be a librarian?** It depends on the country. In the United States and Canada, most professional librarian jobs require a master's degree in library and information science. In many other countries, a bachelor's degree in library or information science is enough, and graduates of other subjects can take a postgraduate course. Check the requirements of employers where you want to work. **Is being a librarian a good career?** It can be rewarding if you enjoy helping people, organising information and supporting learning. Jobs are often stable once you are established, especially in universities and national institutions. However, competition for professional posts can be strong, and public library jobs depend on government funding. Digital and data skills improve your options. **Are librarians still needed in the digital age?** Yes, but the work has changed. Libraries provide free internet access, digital skills training, study spaces, community events and access to expensive research databases. Librarians help people find reliable information among huge amounts of online content, which has become more important with the spread of misinformation and AI-generated text. **What is the difference between a librarian and a library assistant?** Library assistants handle daily tasks such as lending, returning and shelving items, helping visitors and supporting events, and usually do not need a degree. Librarians are professionally qualified and manage collections, teach information skills, plan services and lead staff. Many librarians started their careers as library assistants. ## Game designer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/game-designer/ ISCO-08: 2166 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries Game designers decide how a video game works: its rules, goals, levels, characters, story and the experience players have. They write design documents, build prototypes and test ideas until the game is fun and balanced. Many study game design, computer science or a creative subject, but studios mainly judge applicants by the games and levels they have made. The industry is exciting but competitive and often unstable. ### What does a game designer do? - Develop game concepts, rules and core gameplay ideas. - Design levels, missions, puzzles, characters and in-game systems. - Write design documents that explain how features should work. - Build prototypes using game engines and simple scripting. - Balance difficulty, rewards and in-game economies using playtests and player data. - Work closely with programmers, artists, writers and producers. - Run playtests and change designs based on player feedback. Game designers work in game studios of all sizes, from large companies with hundreds of staff to small independent teams. Others design mobile games, educational games or simulations for training. Studios are concentrated in certain cities and countries, but remote work has become more common. The work involves a lot of meetings and collaboration. Long hours before a game is released, often called crunch, still happen in parts of the industry, and projects can be cancelled. ### What skills do you need? - Understanding of what makes games fun - Game engines and scripting - Level, systems or narrative design - Prototyping and testing ideas quickly - Clear written design documents - Basic mathematics and data analysis - Teamwork and communication - Accepting and using feedback ### How do you become a game designer? Many game designers study game design, computer science, software engineering, digital media or a creative subject such as writing or art. Some studios also hire designers from other backgrounds, such as architecture, psychology or mathematics, if they show strong design thinking. The most important thing is a portfolio of games, levels or mods you have designed, ideally playable, with notes that explain your decisions. Game jams, where teams make a game in a short time, are a common way to build experience. Many designers first join a studio as quality assurance testers or junior designers. - **University degree.** Degrees in game design, game development, computer science or interactive media teach design theory, programming and team production. Look for programmes where you make complete games in teams, because employers value that experience. Computer science can keep more options open if you later decide to work outside games. - **Self-taught with a portfolio.** Free and low-cost game engines let you build and publish small games yourself. Many designers learn through online tutorials, modding existing games and taking part in game jams. A portfolio of finished, playable projects can lead to junior jobs, but it takes persistence because studios receive many applications. - **Moving from another games role.** Some designers start in quality assurance testing, community management, programming or art, and move into design after learning how studios work. This route can take time, but it gives you industry experience and contacts that help when design roles become available. ### Do you need a licence to work as a game designer? Game design is not a regulated profession, and there is no licence to become a game designer. However, games must go through age rating systems in many regions. Designers also need to follow rules on consumer protection and data privacy, and in some countries on features such as loot boxes, where players pay for random rewards. Copyright and other intellectual property rules apply, and studios usually own the work you create for them. ### Job outlook Games are a large global industry, and mobile, independent and online games have created new studios in many countries. However, the industry goes through cycles of rapid hiring and large job cuts, and recent years have seen many studio closures and layoffs. Entry-level design jobs are especially competitive. AI tools are starting to help with content creation and testing. Designers with technical skills, data analysis or a specialism such as systems or level design are in a stronger position. ### Frequently asked questions **What degree do you need to be a game designer?** No specific degree is required. Game design, computer science and interactive media degrees are the most common, and art, writing or mathematics can also lead into design. Studios care most about your portfolio of games and levels, so choose a course that gives you plenty of practical team projects. **What is the difference between a game designer and a game developer?** Game designers decide how the game works and feels, including its rules, levels and player experience. Game developer is a broader term that often means the programmers who build the game's code, although it can refer to anyone who makes games. In small studios, one person may design, program and create art. **Do game designers need to know how to code?** Not always, but it helps a lot. Most designers use scripting or visual scripting tools in game engines to build and test ideas. Systems and technical designers need stronger programming skills, while narrative designers focus more on writing. Being able to prototype your own ideas makes your portfolio much stronger. **How do you get a job in the games industry with no experience?** Make small games and finish them, take part in game jams, create levels or mods for existing games, and share your work online. Apply for internships and entry-level roles such as quality assurance testing. Networking at industry events and in online communities is important, because many jobs are filled through contacts. ## Fashion designer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/fashion-designer/ ISCO-08: 2163 · SOC: 27-1022 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries Fashion designers create clothing, footwear and accessories, from the first idea to the finished product. They research trends, sketch designs, choose fabrics and work with pattern cutters and manufacturers. Most study fashion design at a college or university, and a strong portfolio is essential. Many work for clothing brands and retailers rather than for their own label, and the industry is highly competitive. ### What does a fashion designer do? - Research trends, markets, materials and customer needs. - Sketch designs by hand or with computer design software. - Choose fabrics, colours, trims and materials within cost limits. - Create technical drawings and specifications for pattern cutters and factories. - Check samples at fittings and adjust designs. - Work with buyers, merchandisers and marketing teams on collections. - Consider sustainability, sourcing and production methods. Most fashion designers work for clothing brands, high-street and online retailers, sportswear companies, manufacturers and design studios. A smaller number work for luxury fashion houses or in costume departments for film and theatre, or run their own labels. Well-known fashion centres include Paris, Milan, New York, London, Tokyo and Shanghai, while much production takes place in Asia and other regions. The work can involve travel to suppliers and factories, and long hours before collection deadlines. ### What skills do you need? - Drawing and design development - Knowledge of fabrics and garment construction - Pattern cutting and sewing - Computer-aided design for fashion - Trend research - Commercial awareness - Working to tight seasonal deadlines - Resilience and teamwork ### How do you become a fashion designer? Most fashion designers have a degree or diploma in fashion design, fashion and textiles or a related art and design subject. Courses teach drawing, pattern cutting, sewing, textiles and computer-aided design, and usually end with a graduate collection. Internships with brands or designers are very important for contacts and experience, but in some countries they are poorly paid or unpaid. Some designers first work as pattern cutters, sample machinists or design assistants and progress from there. Your portfolio, including technical and commercial work, is what employers judge most. - **University or art school degree.** A bachelor's degree in fashion design or fashion and textiles is the most common route. The best programmes combine creative design with technical skills and industry projects, and many include a year or shorter period of work placement. A master's degree can help with luxury or conceptual design roles. - **Vocational training or apprenticeship.** Vocational colleges in many countries offer fashion and garment technology diplomas. In countries such as Germany and Switzerland, apprenticeships in tailoring or clothing design teach practical skills that can lead to design work. Technical skills such as pattern cutting are highly valued and can open doors in production and product development. - **Working up from a related role.** Some designers start as pattern cutters, sample machinists, merchandising assistants or sales staff, and move into design by building a portfolio and taking short courses. Others start their own small label, often selling online. Running a label is risky and requires business skills as well as design talent. ### Do you need a licence to work as a fashion designer? Fashion design is not a regulated profession, and you do not need a licence. Designers and brands must follow rules on product safety, textile labelling, children's clothing and intellectual property, which vary between countries and markets. Some regions, including the European Union, are introducing stricter rules on sustainability, textile waste and responsibility for supply chains. Industry bodies and fashion councils in some countries support designers, but membership is voluntary. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$80,960 (BLS OEWS, SOC 27-1022) ### Job outlook Fashion remains a large global industry, but design jobs are few compared with the number of graduates, so competition is intense. Fast production cycles, online retail and pressure on costs shape much of the work. Growing concern about sustainability is creating demand for designers who understand materials, recycling, repair and responsible supply chains. AI and 3D design tools are now used for trend research, sampling and virtual prototypes, which changes the skills employers want. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need a degree to be a fashion designer?** A degree or diploma is the usual route and helps with internships and first jobs, especially at larger brands. It is not legally required, and some designers progress from technical or retail roles or start their own labels. Whatever your route, you need a strong portfolio and practical skills in garment construction. **Is fashion design a good career?** It can be rewarding if you are creative, determined and interested in both design and business. It is also very competitive, and early jobs and internships are often poorly paid. Most designers work on commercial ranges for brands and retailers rather than creating their own collections, so be realistic about the type of work available. **Do fashion designers need to know how to sew?** Yes, most do. You may not sew every garment yourself, but understanding pattern cutting, fabrics and construction helps you design clothes that can be made and fit well. Employers and course tutors expect basic sewing and technical skills, and many designers use them throughout their careers. **How do you start your own fashion brand?** Most designers first gain experience working for other brands, to learn about production, suppliers and selling. Starting a label usually means creating a small collection, finding reliable manufacturers, building an online presence and managing cash flow carefully. It is financially risky, so many designers start small alongside other work. ## Interior designer URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/interior-designer/ ISCO-08: 3432 · SOC: 27-1025 · Degree often expected · Partly regulated Interior designers plan the inside of homes, offices, shops, hotels, hospitals and other buildings so that spaces are practical, safe and attractive. They work on layouts, lighting, materials, furniture and colours, and prepare drawings for builders. Most study interior design or interior architecture. The job is open in most countries, but some places protect the title or require registration for certain work. ### What does an interior designer do? - Meet clients to understand how they will use a space, their style and their budget. - Measure spaces and create layouts, sketches and 3D visualisations. - Select materials, finishes, lighting, furniture and fittings. - Prepare technical drawings and specifications using design software. - Check that designs follow building regulations, fire safety and accessibility rules. - Work with architects, engineers, contractors and suppliers. - Visit sites to monitor work and solve problems during installation. Interior designers work for design studios, architecture practices, construction and fit-out companies, retailers, furniture makers, hotel groups and property developers. Many are self-employed or run small studios for private clients. Some specialise in homes, while others focus on commercial areas such as offices, restaurants, hotels, shops or healthcare buildings. The work mixes studio time at a computer with client meetings, supplier visits and site visits. Deadlines and demanding clients can create pressure. ### What skills do you need? - Space planning and layout - Computer-aided design and 3D visualisation - Knowledge of materials, lighting and colour - Building regulations and accessibility - Drawing and visual presentation - Project and budget management - Client communication and negotiation - Sustainable design ### How do you become an interior designer? Most interior designers study interior design, interior architecture or a related design subject at a college or university, usually for three or four years. Courses teach drawing, design software, space planning, materials, lighting and building regulations. A portfolio of projects is essential, and internships with design studios or architecture practices help you gain practical experience. Where the profession is regulated, you usually also need supervised work experience and a professional exam. Career changers often take shorter diplomas, and many start with residential projects or junior roles. - **University degree.** A bachelor's degree in interior design or interior architecture covers design, technical drawing, construction, materials and professional practice. Accredited programmes are especially important in places where registration or a professional exam is required, because accredited education is often one of the conditions. Some architecture graduates also move into interior design. - **Vocational diploma.** Vocational colleges and design schools in many countries offer diplomas in interior design or interior decoration. These are often shorter and more practical than degrees. They can lead to work in residential design, retail and furniture companies, but they may limit your options where the profession or title is regulated. - **Career change route.** People from architecture, construction, furniture, retail or graphic design sometimes move into interior design through part-time or short courses. Building a portfolio, learning design software and working as a design assistant are common first steps. Starting with residential projects is often easier than entering commercial design. ### Do you need a licence to work as an interior designer? Interior design is partly regulated. In most countries anyone can work as an interior designer, but a few places protect the title or limit certain work. In some US states and Canadian provinces, only registered designers can use certain titles or do some commercial work, usually after accredited education, work experience and the NCIDQ exam. In countries such as Germany and the Netherlands, the title "interior architect" is protected. Changes to structure, fire safety or building services usually need approval from a licensed architect or engineer. Check the rules where you plan to work. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$67,190 (BLS OEWS, SOC 27-1025) ### Job outlook Demand for interior design depends strongly on the construction and property markets, so work increases when people and businesses invest in buildings and falls during economic downturns. Refurbishing existing buildings, redesigning workplaces, and hospitality and healthcare projects all create work. Sustainability, accessibility and wellbeing are becoming more important in design briefs. AI and visualisation tools speed up early design work, so designers with technical knowledge, project management skills and good client relationships are in a stronger position. Competition for entry-level roles is strong. ### Frequently asked questions **What is the difference between an interior designer and an interior decorator?** Interior designers plan the layout and function of spaces, prepare technical drawings and must understand building regulations. Interior decorators focus on furnishing and styling, such as colours, fabrics, furniture and accessories, without structural changes. Designers usually have more formal training, and in some places only qualified designers can use protected titles. **Do you need a degree to be an interior designer?** In most countries a degree is not legally required, but most employers expect a degree or diploma in interior design or a related subject. In regulated places, such as some US states and Canadian provinces, accredited education is usually needed for registration. A strong portfolio is essential whatever route you take. **Is interior design a good career?** It can be a satisfying career if you enjoy creativity, problem solving and working with people. It is competitive, and the amount of work depends on the property market. Many designers are self-employed, which gives freedom but also means finding clients and managing an irregular income. Technical skills and a specialism help you stand out. **What software do interior designers use?** Interior designers use computer-aided design (CAD) software for technical drawings and 3D modelling software for visualisations. Many also use building information modelling (BIM) tools, which architects and engineers use to share project information. Image editing and presentation software are common too, and hand sketching remains useful for quick ideas and client meetings. ## Hotel manager URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/hotel-manager/ ISCO-08: 1411 · SOC: 11-9081 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries Hotel managers run hotels, resorts and other accommodation, making sure guests are satisfied, staff are well led and the business makes a profit. Many study hospitality management or business, while others work their way up from reception, restaurant or housekeeping roles. They work for international hotel groups, independent hotels, resorts and serviced apartments in almost every country. ### What does a hotel manager do? - Oversee departments such as reception, housekeeping, food and drink, and maintenance. - Recruit, train, schedule and lead staff. - Set budgets, room prices and sales targets, and monitor results. - Deal with guest feedback, complaints and special requests. - Make sure the hotel meets health, safety, food hygiene and fire rules. - Work with sales teams, travel agents and online booking platforms. - Plan maintenance and improvements to the building and services. Hotel managers work for international hotel groups, independent and boutique hotels, resorts, conference hotels, serviced apartments and cruise ships. Hotels are open all day, every day, so the work includes evenings, weekends and public holidays, and managers are often on call. Some resort roles include accommodation on site. The industry offers many opportunities to work abroad, especially in major tourist destinations and business cities. ### What skills do you need? - Leadership and people management - Customer service - Financial management and budgeting - Revenue and pricing management - Problem solving under pressure - Health, safety and hygiene rules - Languages and cultural awareness - Sales and marketing ### How do you become a hotel manager? Many hotel managers have a degree or diploma in hospitality management, hotel management or business, often with work placements in hotels. Well-known hotel schools exist in Switzerland and many other countries. International hotel groups run management trainee programmes that rotate graduates through different departments. Many managers, however, start in entry-level jobs, such as receptionist or waiter, and are promoted through supervisor and department manager roles. Language skills are a big advantage. Career changers from retail, restaurants or customer service can often start at supervisor level. - **Hospitality degree or diploma.** A hospitality or hotel management degree covers operations, finance, marketing and people management, and usually includes placements in hotels. Programmes are offered worldwide, from vocational diplomas to bachelor's and master's degrees. Graduates often join management trainee programmes or start as supervisors. - **Work up from entry-level roles.** Many successful managers started as receptionists, waiters, housekeepers or kitchen staff. Hotels often promote hard-working staff who show leadership, and some offer apprenticeships or in-house training. This route takes longer, but it gives you deep practical knowledge of every department. - **Graduate management trainee programme.** Large hotel groups recruit graduates in hospitality, business and other subjects into structured programmes that usually last one to two years. Trainees work in several departments before taking a junior management role. Places are competitive, and willingness to relocate is often expected. ### Do you need a licence to work as a hotel manager? Hotel management is not a regulated profession, so you do not need a personal licence to be a hotel manager. However, the hotel itself usually needs licences and inspections for food hygiene, fire safety, alcohol sales and sometimes tourism registration. In some countries, a named person must hold a personal alcohol licence or a food safety certificate. Hotel star ratings are awarded by different systems in different countries. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$69,250 (BLS OEWS, SOC 11-9081) ### Job outlook Tourism and business travel tend to grow over the long term as incomes rise in many countries, which supports demand for hotel managers. However, the industry is very sensitive to shocks such as pandemics, economic downturns, conflicts and natural disasters. Technology, including online check-in, automated pricing and AI chat services, is changing hotel operations. Many hotels find it hard to recruit and keep staff, so managers who lead teams well are valued. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need a degree to become a hotel manager?** No, but it helps. Many hotel managers have a hospitality or business degree, and international hotel groups often recruit graduates for management trainee programmes. However, the industry also promotes people who start in entry-level jobs and show leadership. Practical experience in several hotel departments is important whichever route you take. **How long does it take to become a hotel manager?** It usually takes several years. Graduates on trainee programmes may reach a department manager role within a few years, while becoming the general manager of a large hotel often takes much longer. People who start in entry-level roles can progress too, but the time depends on their performance, training and willingness to move. **Can you work abroad as a hotel manager?** Yes. Hospitality is one of the most international industries, and hotel groups often move managers between countries. Language skills, experience in international hotels and flexibility all help. You still need the right to work in each country, and some countries prefer to hire local managers or require work permits that can be hard to get. **What are the downsides of being a hotel manager?** The hours are long and irregular, including weekends, evenings and holidays, and you may be called when problems happen. The work can be stressful because you deal with complaints, staff shortages and pressure on costs. Many managers find it rewarding, but it suits people who enjoy fast-paced work with people. ## Event manager URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/event-manager/ ISCO-08: 3332 · SOC: 13-1121 · Degree often expected · No licence needed in most countries Event managers plan and run events such as conferences, exhibitions, festivals, weddings, product launches and sports events. They manage budgets, venues, suppliers, schedules and safety so that everything happens as planned. Many study events, hospitality, marketing or business, but hands-on experience from volunteering and junior roles counts for a lot. They work for event agencies, venues, companies and charities, and as freelancers. ### What does an event manager do? - Agree the goals, audience and budget of each event with clients or organisers. - Find venues and negotiate with caterers, technical crews and other suppliers. - Build detailed plans, timelines and backup plans. - Manage bookings, registration and ticketing. - Promote events with marketing and social media teams. - Check permits, insurance and health and safety arrangements. - Lead the team on the day and review results afterwards. Event managers work for event agencies, conference and exhibition centres, hotels, festivals, sports organisations, universities, charities and in-house teams in companies and governments. The job combines office work with time on site. Long days, evenings, weekends and travel are common, especially close to and during events, and some sectors are seasonal. Many event managers work freelance, and online and hybrid events are now part of the job. ### What skills do you need? - Planning and organisation - Budget management - Negotiation with suppliers - Problem solving under pressure - Communication and customer service - Health, safety and risk management - Event and ticketing software - Marketing and social media ### How do you become an event manager? Degrees in event management, hospitality, tourism, marketing, business or communications are common, and many include placements. However, employers value hands-on experience highly, so volunteering at festivals, student events, sports days or charity events is one of the best ways in. Typical first jobs include events assistant, events coordinator or venue staff. Voluntary certifications, such as the Certified Meeting Professional (CMP), help in the business events sector. Career changers from hospitality, administration, marketing or teaching often move in through junior roles, and language skills are useful for international events. - **University degree.** A degree in event management, hospitality, tourism or marketing covers planning, budgeting, marketing and risk management. Placements with agencies, venues or festivals give you contacts and practical experience. A degree helps with graduate roles in larger organisations, but employers still expect evidence of events you have worked on. - **Volunteering and entry-level jobs.** Many event managers start by volunteering, working as event staff or joining a venue or agency as an assistant. In some countries, apprenticeships in events are also available. This route builds practical skills and contacts quickly, and both matter a lot in this industry. - **Freelance or career change.** People with experience in hospitality, administration, marketing or project management can move into events by organising smaller events first, then building a portfolio and a network. Some start freelance, working for several agencies or clients. Income can be irregular at first, so many keep another job while they build up work. ### Do you need a licence to work as an event manager? Event management is not a regulated profession, so you do not need a licence to work as an event manager. However, events themselves often need permits, for example for public gatherings, alcohol sales, food, noise, temporary structures and road closures. These requirements come from local authorities and vary by city and country. Large events must follow crowd safety and fire rules, and some roles require first aid or crowd management training. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$61,160 (BLS OEWS, SOC 13-1121) ### Job outlook People continue to value meeting face to face, so conferences, exhibitions, festivals, weddings and sports events create steady work in many countries. However, the industry is very sensitive to economic downturns and shocks, as the pandemic showed. Skills in online and hybrid events, sustainability, such as reducing waste and travel emissions, and data-driven marketing are increasingly expected. Entry-level jobs are competitive and often involve long hours, so experience and contacts make a real difference. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need a degree to become an event manager?** No. A degree in events, hospitality, marketing or business can help, especially with larger employers, but many event managers do not have one. Employers care most about practical experience, organisation skills and how you handle pressure. Volunteering, part-time event work and a record of successful events can be as valuable as a degree. **How can I get into event management with no experience?** Start by volunteering at festivals, conferences, sports events or charity fundraisers, and help organise events at school, university or in your community. Apply for events assistant, venue staff or coordinator roles. Keep a record of each event, your role and the results. Contacts you make through volunteering often lead to paid work. **What is the difference between an event manager and an event planner?** The titles are often used in the same way. Sometimes an event planner focuses on designing and organising the event beforehand, while an event manager also leads delivery on the day, manages the team and handles problems as they happen. In larger organisations, event managers usually have more responsibility for budgets and staff. **Is event management a stressful job?** It can be. Deadlines are fixed, budgets are tight, and problems such as bad weather, late suppliers or technical failures must be solved quickly. The hours can be long, especially just before and during events. Many people enjoy the variety and the satisfaction of a successful event, but the job suits those who stay calm under pressure. ## Airline pilot URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/airline-pilot/ ISCO-08: 3153 · SOC: 53-2011 · Degree optional · Licensed profession in most countries Airline pilots fly passenger and cargo aircraft as part of a two-pilot crew and are responsible for the safety of each flight. To fly for an airline you need a commercial or multi-crew pilot licence, a Class 1 medical certificate and a type rating for the aircraft, and captains need an airline transport pilot licence. A degree is optional: most pilots train at approved flight schools or through airline cadet schemes. ### What does an airline pilot do? - Plan flights using weather, route, fuel, load and aircraft performance information. - Check the aircraft and its documents before departure. - Fly the aircraft with the other pilot, sharing tasks and checking each other's actions. - Communicate with air traffic control, cabin crew and ground staff. - Manage the automatic flight systems and monitor the aircraft throughout the flight. - Handle technical problems, bad weather and medical or security emergencies. - Complete flight logs and reports after each flight. Airline pilots work for full-service, low-cost and regional passenger airlines, cargo airlines and charter operators. Each pilot is based at a home airport, and rosters include early mornings, nights, weekends and public holidays. Long-haul pilots spend nights away from home and have to manage jet lag. Legal limits on flight and duty time help control fatigue. Many pilots move abroad for work, especially to fast-growing airlines in Asia and the Middle East. ### What skills do you need? - Aircraft handling and navigation - Situational awareness - Decision making under pressure - Teamwork and crew resource management - Clear radio communication in aviation English - Mathematics and physics for flight planning - Knowledge of meteorology and air law - Discipline in following procedures ### How do you become an airline pilot? Before you pay for any training, take a Class 1 medical examination (called first class in the United States) with an approved aviation medical examiner, because failing it would stop your career. Flight schools and airlines usually expect good school results in mathematics, physics and English. You can then train on a full-time integrated course, step by step through modular training, or through a competitive airline cadet scheme. Training covers theory exams, flying hours, a commercial licence, an instrument rating and multi-crew training. You then apply to airlines, pass assessments and a simulator check, and complete a type rating and supervised line flying as a first officer. Training is very expensive, so research funding and job prospects carefully. - **Integrated course or airline cadet scheme.** An integrated course is full-time training at an approved flight school that takes you from no experience to a commercial licence, usually in around 18 months to two years. In airline cadet schemes, the airline selects trainees and may offer a job, a type rating or help with funding. Some lead to a multi-crew pilot licence, designed for airline flying. Selection includes aptitude tests and interviews. - **Modular training.** Modular training lets you complete each stage separately: a private pilot licence, hour building, theory exams, the commercial licence, an instrument rating and multi-crew training. It usually takes longer than an integrated course, but you can spread the cost and keep working while you train. Airlines accept both routes when the training meets the required standard. - **Aviation degree or military service.** Some people take an aviation degree that includes flight training, or study a related subject such as aerospace engineering or physics first. In the United States, many new pilots work as flight instructors to build the flying hours needed for airline jobs, and graduates of approved aviation degrees can qualify with fewer hours. Former military pilots can convert their experience into civil licences. ### Do you need a licence to work as an airline pilot? Airline flying is licensed everywhere. Licences follow international standards set by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and are issued by national authorities, such as the Federal Aviation Administration in the United States or authorities applying EASA rules in Europe. You need a commercial or multi-crew licence, an instrument rating, a type rating, a Class 1 medical and proof of English proficiency. Captains need an airline transport pilot licence, and in the United States first officers need one too. Pilots must renew medicals and pass regular simulator checks, and converting a licence to another country usually means extra exams. ### Job outlook Air travel tends to grow over the long term, especially in Asia and the Middle East, and many experienced pilots are reaching retirement age, which supports demand. However, airline hiring is very cyclical. Pandemics, recessions, high fuel prices and conflicts can stop recruitment quickly, and newly qualified pilots may wait a long time for a first job. Automation is already advanced, and regulators have discussed allowing only one pilot at the controls during parts of long flights in future. Losing your medical certificate can end a career. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need a degree to become an airline pilot?** No. Many airlines do not require a degree, and most pilots qualify through flight schools or cadet schemes after secondary school. Airlines usually expect good results in mathematics, physics and English. Some pilots choose an aviation degree that includes flight training, and in the United States an approved aviation degree reduces the flying hours needed for an airline licence. **How long does it take to become an airline pilot?** A full-time integrated course usually takes around 18 months to two years, from no experience to a commercial licence. Modular training often takes longer. After you join an airline, the type rating and line training take several more months. Becoming a captain usually takes several more years and depends on the airline's growth, your experience and its seniority system. **What is the difference between a CPL and an ATPL?** A commercial pilot licence (CPL) lets you be paid to fly, and in many countries a CPL with the right ratings allows you to work as an airline first officer. An airline transport pilot licence (ATPL) is the highest level, requires much more flying experience and is needed to command an airliner. In Europe, trainees pass the ATPL theory exams early and receive the full licence once they have enough hours. In the United States, airline first officers also need the ATPL. **Can you become an airline pilot if you wear glasses?** Usually yes. Many airline pilots wear glasses or contact lenses. Class 1 medical standards allow corrected vision within set limits, and you must carry a spare pair of glasses when flying. Very strong prescriptions, some eye conditions and certain colour vision problems can cause difficulties, so book a Class 1 medical with an approved examiner before you pay for training. ## Sports coach URL: https://coursetojob.com/careers/sports-coach/ ISCO-08: 3422 · SOC: 27-2022 · Degree optional · Partly regulated Sports coaches help people improve their performance and enjoyment in a sport, from beginners and school teams to professional athletes. They plan training, teach skills and tactics, and support players' fitness, motivation and wellbeing. Most start with coaching certificates from a sport's governing body and experience as a player or volunteer. A degree in sports science or coaching is useful for some roles but optional. ### What does a sports coach do? - Plan training sessions and programmes for the whole season. - Teach and correct skills, techniques and tactics. - Assess performance using observation, video and data. - Prepare athletes and teams for competitions and make decisions during matches. - Support fitness, injury prevention and mental preparation, often with other specialists. - Keep participants safe, especially children and vulnerable adults. - Communicate with parents, clubs, schools and sponsors. Sports coaches work for clubs, schools, universities, community programmes, leisure centres, national sports organisations, academies and professional teams, and some run their own coaching businesses. Many coaches work part time or freelance and combine several jobs, and many start as volunteers. Evening and weekend work is normal, sessions often take place outdoors in all weather, and competitions involve travel. Full-time jobs in professional sport are limited and competitive. ### What skills do you need? - Knowledge of the sport's techniques and rules - Session planning - Communication and motivation - Observation and feedback - Understanding of fitness, injury prevention and sport psychology - Safeguarding and first aid - Leadership - Performance analysis and video tools ### How do you become a sports coach? Most coaches start by taking the entry-level coaching courses offered by their sport's national governing body, then progress to higher levels that require experience and assessment. Volunteering at a club or school and assisting experienced coaches is the usual way to build experience. You will also need first aid training, safeguarding or child protection training, and often a background check to work with children. A degree in sports coaching, sports science, physical education or kinesiology helps for performance, academy and university roles. Former athletes often move into coaching, but they still need coaching qualifications. - **Governing body coaching awards.** Every major sport has national and international governing bodies that offer coaching qualifications, from short introductory courses to advanced awards for elite coaches. Combining these with regular volunteering or part-time coaching is the most common route. Higher levels usually require logged coaching hours and a practical assessment. - **Degree in sports coaching or sports science.** A degree in sports coaching, sports science, physical education or kinesiology covers physiology, psychology, biomechanics and coaching methods. It is useful for performance and academy roles. If you also want to teach physical education in schools, you usually need a degree and a teaching qualification. Placements with clubs give valuable experience. - **Former athlete or vocational route.** Players and athletes often move into coaching when their competitive careers end, using their knowledge of the sport and their contacts. Some countries also offer vocational diplomas or apprenticeships in sports coaching. Whatever your background, coaching qualifications and practical experience with different groups of learners are still needed. ### Do you need a licence to work as a sports coach? Sports coaching is partly regulated. In many countries anyone can coach on a voluntary basis, but clubs, schools and leagues usually require governing body qualifications, first aid training and background checks for work with children. Some countries regulate paid coaching: France, for example, requires a state-recognised qualification to coach sport for pay. Professional leagues often set their own licence rules, such as the UEFA Pro Licence for head coaches in top European football leagues. Check with your national sports body and your sport's governing body. ### Pay in the United States Median annual wage, May 2025: US$47,320 (BLS OEWS, SOC 27-2022) ### Job outlook Governments and health organisations encourage people of all ages to be more active, which supports demand for coaches in schools, clubs and community programmes. However, many coaching jobs are part time, seasonal or short term, and full-time roles are limited. In professional sport, job security is low, because coaches may be replaced after poor results. Sports science, data and video analysis are becoming a bigger part of coaching, so coaches who use them well have an advantage. ### Frequently asked questions **Do you need a degree to become a sports coach?** No. Most coaches qualify through courses run by their sport's governing body and gain experience by coaching. A degree in sports coaching, sports science or physical education can help with performance, academy and university jobs. To teach physical education in schools, you usually need a degree and a teaching qualification. Coaching awards and practical experience matter most. **What qualifications do you need to be a sports coach?** You usually need a coaching qualification from your sport's governing body, starting at an introductory level. Most clubs and schools also require first aid training, safeguarding training and a background check for working with children. Higher coaching levels, specialist courses and a relevant degree can help you move into paid and performance roles. **Can you become a coach without being a professional athlete?** Yes. Many successful coaches never played at a high level. Good coaching depends on understanding how people learn, planning effective sessions, communicating well and analysing performance, which you can develop through qualifications and experience. Playing experience helps you understand the sport, but it is not required, and top athletes do not automatically make good coaches. **Is sports coaching a full-time job?** It can be, but many coaches work part time, combine coaching with teaching or another job, or coach several teams and clients. Full-time roles exist in schools, universities, academies, national sports bodies and professional clubs, but they are competitive. Building qualifications, experience and a network over several years improves your chances. ## What can you do with an accounting and finance degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/accounting-and-finance/ ISCED-F 2013: 0411, 0412 An accounting and finance degree teaches how organisations record, report, analyse and manage money, from financial statements and tax to investment and risk. Many graduates train as accountants or become financial analysts, while others work in banking, insurance, consulting or the finance teams of companies and governments. Most accounting careers also need a professional qualification after the degree. ### Careers with an accounting and finance degree Most graduates start in accounting firms, banks, insurance companies or the finance departments of businesses, charities and governments. Common first roles include trainee accountant, audit or tax associate and junior financial analyst. Many later become financial planners, business analysts or management consultants, or move into senior finance roles. Graduates with strong mathematics sometimes become actuaries after further professional exams. Less obvious options include fraud investigation, public sector audit, treasury management in large companies and finance roles in technology start-ups. - Accountant: https://coursetojob.com/careers/accountant/ - Financial analyst: https://coursetojob.com/careers/financial-analyst/ - Financial planner: https://coursetojob.com/careers/financial-planner/ - Actuary: https://coursetojob.com/careers/actuary/ - Management consultant: https://coursetojob.com/careers/management-consultant/ - Business analyst: https://coursetojob.com/careers/business-analyst/ ### How the degree differs around the world The degree usually takes three years in the UK, Australia and much of Europe, and four years in the United States, Canada and many other countries. In some places accounting is a major within a broader commerce or business degree. Many programmes are accredited by professional accounting bodies, which can exempt you from some professional exams. The degree alone rarely makes you a qualified accountant: in most countries you also pass professional exams and complete supervised work experience. In the United States, each state sets its own education and experience rules for the certified public accountant licence. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with an accounting and finance degree?** The most common jobs are accountant, auditor, tax adviser and financial analyst. Graduates also become financial planners, business analysts, management consultants, risk and compliance specialists and finance managers in companies, banks, insurers, charities and government. With extra exams in mathematics and statistics, some move into actuarial work. **Do you need an accounting degree to become an accountant?** Not always. In many countries you can qualify through professional exams and supervised training after a degree in any subject, and some countries offer apprenticeships or routes for school leavers. An accredited accounting degree can exempt you from some exams and shorten the route. In the United States, the certified public accountant licence usually requires a set amount of accounting and business study at university. **Is accounting and finance a hard degree?** Most students find it demanding but manageable. You need to be comfortable with numbers, but most modules use practical mathematics rather than advanced theory. The main challenges are the large number of rules and standards to learn and the need for accuracy. Some finance and economics modules are more mathematical, especially options in investment or econometrics. **Will AI replace accountants?** Software and AI already handle much routine bookkeeping, data entry and basic checking, so entry-level work is changing. Accountants who can interpret results, advise clients, understand tax and regulation, and check automated work are likely to remain in demand. Building data and technology skills during your degree will help you adapt. ## What can you do with an aerospace engineering degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/aerospace-engineering/ ISCED-F 2013: 0716 An aerospace engineering degree teaches how to design, build and test aircraft, spacecraft, satellites and their systems, using mathematics, physics and computer modelling. Most graduates become aerospace or mechanical engineers in aviation, defence and space organisations, while others use the same skills in cars, energy, medical devices or software. ### Careers with an aerospace engineering degree Many graduates become aerospace engineers working on aircraft, engines, satellites or drones for manufacturers, airlines, defence organisations and space agencies. Because the degree covers the same core as mechanical engineering, graduates are also hired as mechanical engineers in cars, energy and manufacturing, and some move into biomedical engineering to design medical devices. Some become airline pilots, although this needs separate flight training and a licence. Others use their modelling skills in software, data analysis or finance. - Aerospace engineer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/aerospace-engineer/ - Mechanical engineer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/mechanical-engineer/ - Airline pilot: https://coursetojob.com/careers/airline-pilot/ - Biomedical engineer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/biomedical-engineer/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK, an engineering bachelor's usually takes three or four years, and an integrated master's takes one year longer, which is a common path towards chartered engineer status. In much of Europe, students take a three-year bachelor's and then a two-year master's, and many employers expect the master's. In the United States, Canada and much of Asia it is typically a four-year programme. In some countries aerospace is mainly a master's specialisation after a first degree in mechanical engineering. Entry needs strong mathematics and physics, and accreditation by a national engineering body helps with professional registration later. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with an aerospace engineering degree?** Most graduates become aerospace engineers or mechanical engineers, designing, testing or maintaining aircraft, engines, satellites and drones. Others work as systems, flight test or avionics engineers, or take their skills into cars, energy, medical devices, software and consulting. Some train as airline pilots, which requires separate flight training and a licence. **What is the difference between aerospace and aeronautical engineering?** Aeronautical engineering deals with aircraft that fly within the Earth's atmosphere. Aerospace engineering is broader and also includes spacecraft, satellites and rockets, which is sometimes called astronautical engineering. Many degrees cover both, and the core subjects, such as aerodynamics, structures and propulsion, are very similar, so employers often treat the two degrees as equivalent. **Is aerospace engineering a hard degree?** Yes, it is one of the more demanding engineering degrees. It uses advanced mathematics and physics throughout, and you spend many hours on problem sheets, laboratory work, computer modelling and design projects. Students who are strong in mathematics and keep up with the weekly work usually cope well, and many find the practical projects very motivating. **Can you become a pilot with an aerospace engineering degree?** The degree helps you understand flight, but it does not qualify you to fly. To become an airline pilot you need separate flight training, a commercial pilot licence from your national aviation authority and a medical certificate. Some airlines and air forces value an engineering degree, but it is not usually required. ## What can you do with an agriculture degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/agriculture/ ISCED-F 2013: 0811 An agriculture degree teaches the science and business of producing food and other products from crops and animals, from soil and plant science to farm management and sustainability. Graduates work as agronomists, farm managers, food scientists, environmental scientists and advisers, and in companies that supply seed, feed, machinery and technology to farmers. ### Careers with an agriculture degree Graduates work across the whole food system, from farms to laboratories and government offices. Common roles include agronomist, farm manager, crop or livestock adviser and food scientist. Others become environmental scientists working on soil, water and land use, or biologists in plant and animal research. Some go on to study veterinary science to become veterinarians. Less obvious options include agricultural finance and insurance, commodity trading, international development and jobs in companies that build sensors, drones and software for farms. - Agronomist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/agronomist/ - Food scientist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/food-scientist/ - Environmental scientist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/environmental-scientist/ - Veterinarian: https://coursetojob.com/careers/veterinarian/ - Biologist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/biologist/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK and much of Europe, a bachelor's degree usually takes three years, often with an extra placement year on a farm or in industry. In the United States, India and many other countries it is typically a four-year programme. In Latin America and parts of Europe, agronomy is often a longer professional engineering degree of about five years, or a bachelor's followed by a master's. Entry usually requires biology or chemistry, and practical farm experience can help. In some countries, including Canada and Brazil, agronomists must register with a professional body for certain types of work. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with an agriculture degree?** Common jobs include agronomist, farm manager, crop or livestock adviser, food scientist and environmental scientist. Graduates also work in plant breeding, animal nutrition, agricultural sales, commodity trading, rural finance, government policy and international development. Some go on to study veterinary science, and others join technology companies that develop sensors, drones and software for farms. **Do you need to come from a farming family to study agriculture?** No. Many agriculture students have no farming background. Some programmes ask for or recommend practical experience, so working on a farm or in a food or environmental job before you apply can help. The degree teaches the science and business from the start, and careers in research, food, policy and technology do not require a family farm. **Is agriculture a good degree for the future?** The world will always need food, and farming faces big challenges from climate change, water shortages, soil damage and new technology. This creates demand for people who understand both science and practical farming. Pay and job security vary widely by country and role, so research local employers and the data for related careers before you decide. **What is the difference between agriculture and agronomy?** Agriculture is the broad field that covers crops, animals, farm business and the food system. Agronomy is one part of it and focuses on soil and crop production. In some countries, especially in Latin America and parts of Europe, agronomy is the usual name for the main professional degree in agriculture. ## What can you do with an architecture degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/architecture/ ISCED-F 2013: 0731 An architecture degree teaches how to design buildings and spaces that are safe, useful and beautiful, combining creative design with technology, history and the needs of people and the environment. Many graduates follow the long professional route to become registered architects, while others work in urban planning, interior design, construction management or other design and property careers. ### Careers with an architecture degree Many graduates work in architecture practices while they complete the training needed to become a registered architect. The degree also leads to urban planning, interior design, urban design and construction management, where understanding how buildings are designed is valuable. Some graduates become quantity surveyors or project managers after extra training. Less obvious options include 3D visualisation, set and exhibition design, heritage conservation, property development and designing environments for video games. - Architect: https://coursetojob.com/careers/architect/ - Urban planner: https://coursetojob.com/careers/urban-planner/ - Interior designer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/interior-designer/ - Construction manager: https://coursetojob.com/careers/construction-manager/ - Quantity surveyor: https://coursetojob.com/careers/quantity-surveyor/ ### How the degree differs around the world Becoming an architect is a long route almost everywhere. In the UK, students usually take a three-year first degree, a two-year master's and a period of practical experience before final exams, which takes about seven years in total. Much of Europe uses a similar bachelor's and master's structure. In India, Latin America and many other countries it is a single professional degree of about five years. In the United States, you usually need an accredited professional degree: a five-year bachelor's, or a master's after another degree. Almost everywhere, you then need supervised work experience and exams before you can register or get a licence. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with an architecture degree?** The main career is architect, which usually needs further study, work experience and registration after the first degree. Graduates also become urban planners, urban designers, interior designers, construction managers, quantity surveyors and architectural technologists. Others work in 3D visualisation, heritage conservation, property development, exhibition and set design, or video game environments. **How long does it take to become an architect?** It usually takes at least five years and often seven or more, depending on the country. The route includes a professional degree, or a bachelor's and master's, followed in most countries by supervised practical experience and professional exams. The exact steps are set by each country's registration board or licensing authority, so check the regulator where you want to work. **Do you need to be good at drawing to study architecture?** You do not need to be a talented artist, but you should be able to communicate ideas visually through sketches, models or digital tools. Many programmes ask for a portfolio of creative work or a design aptitude test, and they teach technical drawing and computer modelling from the start. Curiosity, spatial thinking and willingness to keep improving your ideas matter more. **Is architecture a hard degree?** It is demanding because of the long hours of studio work, regular reviews of your designs and the mix of creative, technical and theoretical subjects. You need some mathematics and physics to understand structures, but usually at a practical level. Many students find the workload heavy, so good time management is important. ## What can you do with a biology degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/biology/ ISCED-F 2013: 0511 A biology degree teaches how living things work, from molecules and cells to whole organisms and ecosystems. Graduates become biologists, laboratory scientists, environmental scientists and teachers, and many use the degree as a step towards medicine, research or other health careers. The analytical and data skills it builds are also valued in business, government and science communication. ### Careers with a biology degree Biology graduates work in research, health, the environment and education. Many start as laboratory or research assistants and later become biologists, biomedical scientists or environmental scientists. Others teach biology in secondary schools after teacher training. With a master's degree or further professional training, graduates can become epidemiologists or dietitians. Less obvious options include science writing, patent work, clinical trials, pharmaceutical sales, conservation and data analysis. Many research jobs need a postgraduate degree, so plan for further study if you want to lead research. - Biologist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/biologist/ - Biomedical scientist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/biomedical-scientist/ - Environmental scientist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/environmental-scientist/ - Epidemiologist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/epidemiologist/ - Secondary school teacher: https://coursetojob.com/careers/secondary-teacher/ - Dietitian: https://coursetojob.com/careers/dietitian/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK and much of Europe, a bachelor's degree usually takes three years, and many students add a master's, which is often expected for scientist roles. In the United States, Canada and many Asian countries it is typically a four-year programme with broad general education. Because medicine is a graduate-entry degree in the United States and Canada, many biology students there plan to apply to medical school. Entry usually requires biology and chemistry. Some programmes are accredited by professional biology societies, which can help but is rarely required. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a biology degree?** Common jobs include biologist, laboratory technician, biomedical scientist, environmental scientist, ecologist and biology teacher. With further study, graduates become epidemiologists, dietitians, research scientists or doctors. Others work in clinical trials, pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies, conservation, science writing, patent work and data analysis. The research and data skills from the degree are also useful in business and government. **Is a biology degree useful if I want to study medicine?** It can be. In the United States and Canada, medicine is studied after a bachelor's degree, and biology is a popular choice. In many other countries, medicine is a first degree, so you apply straight from school, although some offer graduate-entry routes with limited places. Check the entry rules of the medical schools where you plan to apply. **Is biology a hard degree?** Biology is demanding because there is a lot of content to learn, and it uses chemistry, statistics and laboratory skills. It usually involves less advanced mathematics than physics or engineering. Students who like detail, stay organised and practise data analysis regularly usually do well, and fieldwork and practical classes help make the theory easier to remember. **Is a biology degree worth it?** It depends on your plans. Biology gives you a broad science education and many options, but the most competitive research and health careers usually need further study or training. The official data on this page shows how biology graduates do in the UK. Getting laboratory, fieldwork or research experience during your degree makes a big difference. ## What can you do with a biomedical science degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/biomedical-science/ ISCED-F 2013: 0914, 0512 A biomedical science degree teaches the biology of human health and disease, and how laboratory tests help doctors diagnose and treat patients. Many graduates become biomedical scientists in hospital or research laboratories, while others move into medical research, the pharmaceutical industry or public health. Some use the degree as a route into graduate-entry medicine or other health professions. ### Careers with a biomedical science degree The most direct career is biomedical scientist, testing samples in hospital, public health or private laboratories. In many countries this role is regulated, so an accredited degree and supervised training matter. Graduates also work as research scientists and biologists in universities and drug companies, or as epidemiologists after a master's degree. Some continue to professional degrees and become doctors, pharmacists or optometrists. Less obvious options include clinical trials, medical sales, science communication, quality control in manufacturing and health data analysis. - Biomedical scientist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/biomedical-scientist/ - Epidemiologist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/epidemiologist/ - Biologist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/biologist/ - Pharmacist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/pharmacist/ - Doctor: https://coursetojob.com/careers/doctor/ - Optometrist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/optometrist/ ### How the degree differs around the world The name covers two main kinds of programme. In the UK and countries with similar systems, it is often a three-year degree, sometimes with a placement year, and an accredited programme is the first step to registration as a biomedical scientist. In the United States, the Philippines and elsewhere, the laboratory-based professional degree is often called medical laboratory science and usually takes four years, with clinical training and a certification or licensing exam. In Australia and some other countries, biomedical science is often a research-focused degree that many students take before graduate-entry medicine. Entry usually requires chemistry and biology. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a biomedical science degree?** The most direct job is biomedical scientist, working in hospital, public health or private laboratories. Graduates also become research scientists, laboratory technicians, clinical research associates, quality control analysts and medical sales representatives. With further study, some become epidemiologists, doctors, pharmacists, optometrists or physician associates. Others work in science communication and health data. **Can I become a doctor with a biomedical science degree?** Yes, in many countries. In the United States, Canada and Australia, medicine is often studied after a first degree, and biomedical science is a common choice. Some countries, such as the UK and Ireland, have graduate-entry medicine programmes, but places are limited. You usually still need to pass an admissions test and an interview. **What is the difference between biomedical science and medicine?** Medicine trains you to diagnose and treat patients as a doctor, and it leads to a licence to practise. Biomedical science studies the biology of disease and the laboratory tests behind diagnosis, but it does not qualify you to treat patients. Biomedical scientists usually work in laboratories, supporting doctors with test results and research. **Do biomedical scientists need to be registered?** In many countries, yes. In the UK, for example, biomedical scientists must be registered with a health regulator, which needs an accredited degree and a period of supervised training. In the United States, laboratory scientists usually need professional certification, and some states also require a licence. Check the rules of the national regulator where you want to work. ## What can you do with a business management degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/business-management/ ISCED-F 2013: 0413 A business management degree teaches how organisations are run, including strategy, marketing, finance, people management and operations. It is a broad degree, so graduates go into many roles, such as project manager, business analyst, marketing manager, human resources officer, supply chain manager and management consultant, in companies, public services and charities around the world. ### Careers with a business management degree Because the degree is broad, graduates work in almost every sector. Many join graduate programmes in large companies or public services and move through different departments. Common directions include project management, business analysis, marketing, human resources, and supply chain and logistics management. Some become management consultants, often after gaining experience or a master's degree. Others start their own business or join a family firm. Less obvious options include sales, retail and hospitality management, fundraising for charities and operations roles in technology companies. - Project manager: https://coursetojob.com/careers/project-manager/ - Management consultant: https://coursetojob.com/careers/management-consultant/ - Business analyst: https://coursetojob.com/careers/business-analyst/ - Marketing manager: https://coursetojob.com/careers/marketing-manager/ - Human resources officer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/human-resources-officer/ - Supply chain manager: https://coursetojob.com/careers/supply-chain-manager/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK, Australia and much of Europe, a bachelor's degree usually takes three years, and many UK programmes offer an extra placement year in a company. In the United States and Canada it is typically a four-year business administration degree, and in India and some other countries similar degrees are called business administration or commerce. Entry rarely requires specific school subjects, although some programmes ask for mathematics. Some business schools hold international accreditation, which employers may notice. In Europe it is common to take a master's in management straight after the bachelor's, while an MBA usually needs several years of work experience first. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a business management degree?** Common jobs include project manager, business analyst, marketing manager, human resources officer, supply chain manager and management consultant. Graduates also work in sales, operations, retail and hospitality management, procurement and account management, and many start their own businesses. Most employers value work experience, so internships and placements are important. **Is a business management degree worth it?** It can be, especially if you gain work experience through internships or a placement year. Because it is a popular and broad degree, results vary widely between universities and graduates. The official data on this page shows how business graduates do in the UK. A clear career goal and practical skills, such as data analysis, help you stand out. **What is the difference between business management and business administration?** In most cases, very little. Business administration is the usual name in the United States, Canada and many other countries, while business management and business studies are common in the UK. Both cover similar subjects, such as marketing, finance, operations and strategy. Compare the modules of each programme rather than relying on its name. **Is a business management degree hard?** Most students find it less technical than engineering or science degrees, but it still needs steady work. You read, write reports, analyse case studies and work in teams, and some modules, such as finance and statistics, use mathematics. The bigger challenge is often to stand out, since many other students take the same degree. ## What can you do with a chemical engineering degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/chemical-engineering/ ISCED-F 2013: 0711 A chemical engineering degree teaches how to turn raw materials into useful products on a large scale, safely and efficiently, using chemistry, physics, mathematics and biology. Graduates design and run the processes that make fuels, medicines, food, plastics and clean water. Most become chemical or process engineers, while others work in environmental engineering, food science, energy or consulting. ### Careers with a chemical engineering degree Most graduates become chemical or process engineers in energy, pharmaceuticals, food and drink, chemicals, water treatment and manufacturing. Some become environmental engineers, reducing pollution, treating waste or designing cleaner processes, and others work as food scientists or chemists in product development. The strong problem-solving skills of chemical engineers are also valued in consulting, finance, patent work and data analysis. Newer areas include batteries, hydrogen, carbon capture and biotechnology. - Chemical engineer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/chemical-engineer/ - Environmental engineer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/environmental-engineer/ - Food scientist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/food-scientist/ - Chemist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/chemist/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the United States, Canada and much of Asia, chemical engineering is typically a four-year bachelor's degree, and in parts of Latin America it can take five years. In the UK, students choose a three- or four-year bachelor's or an integrated master's that lasts a year longer and is a common path towards chartered status. Much of Europe uses a three-year bachelor's followed by a two-year master's, and the master's is often the normal level for working engineers. Entry usually requires chemistry and mathematics, often with physics. Accreditation by a national engineering body helps with professional registration or licensing later. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a chemical engineering degree?** Most graduates become chemical or process engineers in energy, pharmaceuticals, food and drink, chemicals, water and manufacturing. Others become environmental engineers, process safety engineers, food scientists, chemists or production managers. Chemical engineers are also hired in consulting, finance, patent law and data analysis because of their strong problem-solving and mathematical skills. **What is the difference between chemistry and chemical engineering?** Chemistry studies substances and reactions, usually in the laboratory, to understand how and why they happen. Chemical engineering uses that knowledge to design, build and run processes that make products on an industrial scale, safely and at a reasonable cost. Chemical engineering includes much more mathematics, physics and design work, and less time doing laboratory experiments. **Is chemical engineering a hard degree?** Yes, it is usually considered one of the most demanding engineering degrees. It combines advanced mathematics, physics and chemistry, and topics such as thermodynamics take time to understand. Students who practise problems regularly and enjoy connecting theory with real processes usually succeed, and design projects in the later years bring the subjects together. **Do chemical engineers only work in oil and gas?** No. Energy is still a major employer, but chemical engineers also work in pharmaceuticals, food and drink, water treatment, plastics, cosmetics, semiconductors and waste management. Newer areas include batteries, hydrogen, carbon capture and biotechnology. The same process skills are useful in any industry that turns raw materials into products. ## What can you do with a chemistry degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/chemistry/ ISCED-F 2013: 0531 A chemistry degree teaches how substances are built, how they react and how to make and analyse new materials, through theory and a lot of laboratory work. Graduates become chemists in industry and research laboratories. With further study or training, the degree also leads to careers in pharmacy, chemical engineering, food science and teaching, and its analytical skills are valued in business and finance. ### Careers with a chemistry degree Many graduates work as chemists in pharmaceuticals, materials, energy, agriculture, cosmetics and testing laboratories. Others become food scientists or biomedical scientists, or move into chemical engineering after further study. Some take a pharmacy degree to become pharmacists, and many train as secondary school teachers, as chemistry teachers are in short supply in many countries. Less obvious options include forensic science, patent work, regulatory affairs, environmental monitoring, science communication and finance. - Chemist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/chemist/ - Pharmacist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/pharmacist/ - Chemical engineer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/chemical-engineer/ - Food scientist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/food-scientist/ - Secondary school teacher: https://coursetojob.com/careers/secondary-teacher/ - Biomedical scientist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/biomedical-scientist/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK, a bachelor's degree usually takes three years, and an integrated master's takes four, which is popular with students aiming for research. Much of Europe follows a three-year bachelor's and two-year master's structure, and in some countries, such as Germany, many chemists also complete a doctorate before joining industry. In the United States, Canada and much of Asia it is typically a four-year degree. Entry usually requires chemistry and mathematics. Some programmes are accredited or approved by national chemistry societies, which can help with professional recognition later. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a chemistry degree?** Common jobs include chemist, analytical or quality control scientist, food scientist, biomedical scientist and chemistry teacher. With further study, graduates become pharmacists, chemical engineers or research scientists. Others work in forensic science, materials, energy, patents, regulatory affairs, environmental monitoring, science communication and finance, where employers value their analytical skills. **Can I become a pharmacist with a chemistry degree?** Not directly. Pharmacy is a regulated profession, and in most countries you need a specific pharmacy degree, supervised training and registration or a licence. A chemistry degree can help you get into a pharmacy programme, and in the United States and Canada the pharmacy degree is usually taken after some university study. Check your national regulator's rules. **Is chemistry a hard degree?** It is usually seen as demanding. You need to learn a lot of theory, use mathematics in physical chemistry and spend many hours in the laboratory, with reports to write after each practical. Students who enjoy problem solving and keep up with the work each week usually manage well. **Is a chemistry degree worth it?** Employers respect chemistry because it shows strong analytical and practical skills. It leads to jobs in science, industry, health and teaching, although many research roles need a master's or PhD. The official data on this page shows how chemistry graduates do in the UK, and results vary by country and by how much work experience you gain. ## What can you do with a civil engineering degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/civil-engineering/ ISCED-F 2013: 0732 A civil engineering degree teaches how to design, build and maintain the structures and systems that communities depend on, such as roads, bridges, railways, buildings, water supply and flood defences. Most graduates become civil engineers, while others work in construction management, environmental engineering, quantity surveying, urban planning and project management. ### Careers with a civil engineering degree Most graduates become civil engineers working for engineering consultancies, construction contractors, governments and organisations that own infrastructure. Some specialise in structures, transport, water or geotechnics, while others become environmental engineers working on water treatment and flood protection. The degree also leads to construction management, quantity surveying and project management, and some graduates move into urban planning. Less obvious options include disaster risk reduction, humanitarian engineering, insurance risk assessment and renewable energy projects. - Civil engineer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/civil-engineer/ - Construction manager: https://coursetojob.com/careers/construction-manager/ - Environmental engineer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/environmental-engineer/ - Quantity surveyor: https://coursetojob.com/careers/quantity-surveyor/ - Urban planner: https://coursetojob.com/careers/urban-planner/ - Project manager: https://coursetojob.com/careers/project-manager/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the United States and Canada, it is usually a four-year accredited degree, followed by supervised work experience and exams to become a licensed professional engineer. In the UK, students take a three- or four-year bachelor's or a slightly longer integrated master's, then work towards chartered status. Much of Europe uses a three-year bachelor's and two-year master's, and in parts of Latin America and Asia the degree can take five years. Entry needs strong mathematics and usually physics. In many countries, only licensed or registered engineers can approve designs that affect public safety, so check the national regulator. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a civil engineering degree?** Most graduates become civil engineers, often specialising as structural, geotechnical, transport or water engineers. Others become environmental engineers, construction managers, site engineers, quantity surveyors, project managers or urban planners. Employers include engineering consultancies, construction companies and governments, and some graduates work abroad on large international projects or in humanitarian engineering. **Do civil engineers need a licence?** In many countries, yes, at least for senior work. In the United States and Canada, engineers who approve designs for the public must be licensed, which needs an accredited degree, work experience and exams. In the UK, chartered status is voluntary but valued by employers. Rules differ widely between countries, so check your national engineering regulator. **Is civil engineering a hard degree?** It is demanding because it uses mathematics and physics throughout, with many problem sheets, laboratory work and design projects. Many students find it more visual and practical than some other branches of engineering, which helps. Good time management matters, as group design projects often have tight deadlines. **What is the difference between civil and structural engineering?** Structural engineering is a specialist area within civil engineering. Civil engineers work on a wide range of infrastructure, including roads, water systems and ground works, while structural engineers focus on making buildings, bridges and other structures strong and stable. Most structural engineers first study civil engineering, and in some places structural engineering has its own licence. ## What can you do with a computer science degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/computer-science/ ISCED-F 2013: 0613 A computer science degree teaches how software, data and computer systems work, from programming and algorithms to networks and artificial intelligence. Most graduates become software developers, data scientists, cybersecurity specialists or IT consultants, and the skills are used in almost every industry worldwide. ### Careers with a computer science degree Computer science graduates are hired across technology, finance, healthcare, retail, government and research. Many start as developers or analysts, then move into specialist areas such as security, AI or cloud engineering, or into product and management roles. The degree also suits careers where programming is a tool rather than the job itself, such as quantitative finance, scientific research and teaching. - Software developer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/software-developer/ - Web developer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/web-developer/ - Data scientist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/data-scientist/ - AI engineer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/ai-engineer/ - Cybersecurity specialist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/cybersecurity-specialist/ - Network engineer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/network-engineer/ - Game designer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/game-designer/ - Database administrator: https://coursetojob.com/careers/database-administrator/ - IT support technician: https://coursetojob.com/careers/it-support-technician/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK and much of Europe, a bachelor's degree usually takes three years, often followed by a one- or two-year master's. In the United States, Canada and many Asian countries it is typically a four-year programme with more general education courses. Some countries use the name informatics or computer engineering for similar degrees. Entry usually requires strong mathematics, and some programmes are accredited by professional bodies, which can help with certain employers and later licensing. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a computer science degree?** The most common jobs are software developer, web developer, data scientist, data analyst, cybersecurity specialist, network engineer and AI engineer. Graduates also work as IT consultants, product managers, game designers and technical specialists in finance, healthcare and government. **Is computer science a hard degree?** It is demanding because it combines mathematics, logic and a lot of practical programming. Students who practise coding regularly and keep up with the mathematics usually find it manageable, and many programmes offer foundation modules for beginners. **Is a computer science degree worth it?** In most countries computer science graduates have strong employment prospects and above-average earnings, as the official data on this page shows for the UK. Results vary by country, university and how much practical experience you build during the degree. **Can I study computer science without knowing how to code?** Yes. Most degree programmes start from the basics and do not require previous programming experience, although they usually expect good mathematics. Trying a free online coding course before you apply is a good way to check you enjoy it. ## What can you do with a criminology degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/criminology/ ISCED-F 2013: 0314 A criminology degree studies crime, why people commit it and how societies respond through policing, courts, prisons and prevention. It draws on sociology, psychology and law. Graduates work in policing, probation, social work, victim support, youth justice, policy and research, and some move into law or cybercrime investigation after further training. ### Careers with a criminology degree Criminology graduates work across the justice system and in public services. Common directions include police officer or police staff roles, probation and prison work, youth justice and victim support. Some become social workers after an approved social work qualification, and others work as paralegals or go on to train as lawyers. Graduates with research skills become policy officers or crime analysts in government and charities. With extra technical training, some move into cybercrime investigation or cybersecurity. - Police officer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/police-officer/ - Social worker: https://coursetojob.com/careers/social-worker/ - Paralegal: https://coursetojob.com/careers/paralegal/ - Policy officer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/policy-officer/ - Cybersecurity specialist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/cybersecurity-specialist/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK, criminology is a popular three-year degree, often combined with psychology, sociology or law. In the United States, the more common degree is criminal justice, a four-year programme with a more practical focus on policing, courts and prisons. In many countries in continental Europe and elsewhere, criminology is mainly taught at master's level after a first degree in law, sociology or psychology. The degree is not a professional licence, and entry to policing, probation or social work follows each country's own training and selection rules. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a criminology degree?** Common jobs include police officer, probation officer, prison officer, youth justice worker, victim support worker, crime analyst and policy officer. With further qualifications, graduates become social workers, lawyers or cybersecurity specialists. Others work for charities, local government, courts, border and customs agencies, and research organisations. Many public service roles have their own selection and training. **What is the difference between criminology and criminal justice?** Criminology focuses on why crime happens, how it is measured and how society reacts, drawing on sociology and psychology. Criminal justice focuses on how the system works in practice, such as policing, courts and prisons. In the United States, criminal justice degrees are more common, while in the UK criminology is the usual name. Many programmes cover both. **Do you need a criminology degree to become a police officer?** No. Most police services do not require a specific degree, and in many countries you can join after school and train at a police academy. Some countries run police training at degree level. A criminology degree can help you understand the work and prepare for selection, but it does not guarantee a place. **Is criminology the same as forensic science?** No. Criminology is a social science that studies crime, offenders, victims and justice systems. Forensic science is a laboratory science that analyses evidence such as DNA, fibres and drugs, and it usually needs a degree in chemistry, biology or forensic science. If you want to work in a crime laboratory, choose a science degree. ## What can you do with a data science degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/data-science/ ISCED-F 2013: 0542, 0613 A data science degree teaches how to collect, clean, analyse and learn from data, combining statistics, programming and machine learning with knowledge of real-world problems. Graduates become data scientists, data analysts, statisticians, AI engineers and business analysts, and the skills are used in finance, healthcare, retail, technology, government and research. ### Careers with a data science degree Graduates are hired in almost every sector that collects data, including technology, finance, healthcare, retail, sport and government. Many start as data analysts or business analysts, then move into data scientist, machine learning or AI engineer roles. Those with strong statistics may become statisticians, and some take professional exams to become actuaries. Less obvious options include sports analytics, public health research, marketing analytics, fraud detection and data journalism. Employers often value a strong portfolio of projects as much as the degree itself. - Data scientist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/data-scientist/ - Data analyst: https://coursetojob.com/careers/data-analyst/ - AI engineer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/ai-engineer/ - Statistician: https://coursetojob.com/careers/statistician/ - Actuary: https://coursetojob.com/careers/actuary/ - Business analyst: https://coursetojob.com/careers/business-analyst/ ### How the degree differs around the world Data science is a fairly new undergraduate subject, and many people still enter the field through a master's degree after studying mathematics, statistics, computer science, economics or a science. Bachelor's degrees usually take three years in the UK and much of Europe and four years in the United States, Canada and many Asian countries. Programmes run by mathematics departments tend to focus more on statistics, while those in computing or business schools are more applied, so compare modules carefully. Entry usually requires strong mathematics. Some programmes are accredited by computing or statistics bodies. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a data science degree?** Common jobs include data scientist, data analyst, business analyst, data engineer, business intelligence analyst and AI engineer. Graduates with strong statistics become statisticians, and some become actuaries after professional exams. Others work in quantitative finance, marketing analytics, sports analytics, public health, fraud detection and research across many industries. **What is the difference between data science and computer science?** Computer science is broader and focuses on how software and computer systems work, including programming, algorithms, networks and security. Data science focuses on using statistics, programming and machine learning to answer questions with data. Data science usually has more statistics and less systems design, and both degrees lead to data and AI careers. **Do you need to be good at maths to study data science?** Yes, you need to be comfortable with mathematics. Statistics, probability, linear algebra and calculus are central to the subject, especially for machine learning. You do not need to be a mathematician, but most programmes expect good school mathematics, and you will use it every week. **Will AI replace data scientists?** AI tools already automate parts of the work, such as writing code, cleaning data and building standard models. This changes the job rather than removing it. People who can define the right questions, check results, understand statistics and explain findings to decision-makers are likely to remain in demand, but employers expect more from junior staff. ## What can you do with a dentistry degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/dentistry/ ISCED-F 2013: 0911 A dentistry degree trains you to prevent, diagnose and treat problems of the teeth, gums and mouth, and leads to registration or a licence as a dentist. Most graduates work as general dentists in private or public clinics. Some later specialise in areas such as orthodontics, oral surgery or children's dentistry, or move into teaching and research. ### Careers with a dentistry degree Almost all graduates become dentists, working in general practice, public health services, hospitals, the armed forces or community clinics. After experience and further training, some become specialists in orthodontics, oral surgery, gum disease or children's dentistry. Many dentists run their own practice, which adds business management to the job. A small number also qualify as doctors to work in oral and maxillofacial surgery, which in many countries requires both qualifications. Others move into teaching, research, public health or companies that make dental products. - Dentist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/dentist/ - Doctor: https://coursetojob.com/careers/doctor/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK and most of Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America, dentistry is a first degree that you start after school, and it usually takes five years, sometimes six. In the United States and Canada it is graduate entry: you usually complete a bachelor's degree with science courses first, then a four-year DDS or DMD programme. Australia offers both routes. Entry is very competitive and usually needs chemistry and biology, and often an admissions test and interview. After graduating, you must register with or be licensed by the national or state regulator, and moving to another country often means extra exams. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a dentistry degree?** Most graduates become general dentists in private practice, public health services, hospitals, community clinics or the armed forces. With further training, they can specialise as orthodontists, oral surgeons, periodontists or children's dentists. Others work in dental public health, teaching, research, forensic dentistry or for companies that make dental products. A few also qualify in medicine to become oral and maxillofacial surgeons. **How long does it take to become a dentist?** In the UK, most of Europe and many other countries, the dental degree takes about five to six years after school. In the United States and Canada, you usually complete a four-year bachelor's degree first and then a four-year dental degree, so about eight years in total. Some countries also require a year of supervised practice, and specialist training adds several more years. **Can you study dentistry after another degree?** Yes. In the United States and Canada, dentistry is only studied after previous university study, usually a full bachelor's degree. In the UK, Australia and some other countries, a small number of graduate-entry programmes offer a shorter course for people with a relevant science degree. Elsewhere, graduates usually apply to the standard five-year programme. **Is dentistry a hard degree?** Yes. Dentistry is long and intensive, with many hours of lectures, laboratory work and clinical training. You learn medical sciences as well as practical skills, and from the middle years you treat real patients under supervision. Holidays are often shorter than on other degrees, and you must meet professional standards of behaviour throughout. ## What can you do with a design degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/design/ ISCED-F 2013: 0211, 0212 A design degree teaches how to create visual communication, products, spaces, clothing and digital experiences that work well for people. Most programmes focus on one area, such as graphic, product, interior, fashion or digital design. Graduates become graphic designers, UX/UI designers, interior designers, fashion designers, animators and game designers, and many work freelance or in creative agencies. ### Careers with a design degree Design graduates work in agencies, in-house design teams, manufacturers, retailers, technology companies, publishers and studios, and many work freelance. Graphic designers and UX/UI designers are needed wherever brands and digital products are made. Product and industrial designers create objects from furniture to medical devices, interior designers plan spaces, and fashion designers create clothing and accessories. Some become animators or game designers. Less obvious options include exhibition design, packaging, service design, design research and teaching. Competition is strong, so your portfolio matters more than your degree title. - Graphic designer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/graphic-designer/ - UX/UI designer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/ux-ui-designer/ - Animator: https://coursetojob.com/careers/animator/ - Interior designer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/interior-designer/ - Fashion designer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/fashion-designer/ - Game designer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/game-designer/ ### How the degree differs around the world Design degrees usually take three years in the UK and much of Europe and four years in the United States and many Asian countries. In the UK, many students first take a one-year foundation course in art and design. Degrees are offered by universities, art and design schools and universities of applied sciences, and most focus on one specialism from the start or after a general first year. Entry often depends on a portfolio, an interview or a design aptitude test as much as on school grades. Design is mostly unregulated, although interior designers need a licence or registration in a few places, such as some US states. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a design degree?** Common jobs include graphic designer, UX/UI designer, product or industrial designer, interior designer, fashion designer, animator, game designer and illustrator. Graduates also work in motion graphics, packaging, exhibition and set design, art direction and design research. Many designers work freelance or in agencies, and some start their own studios or brands. **Do you need a degree to become a designer?** Not always. Many design jobs are open to anyone with a strong portfolio and relevant skills, and some designers are self-taught or trained through short courses. A degree gives you time to develop your ideas, access to workshops and tools, and contacts in the industry. Some fields, such as interior design in certain places, have formal education requirements. **Which design specialism should I choose?** Choose the area you enjoy most, then research job opportunities in the places where you want to work. Graphic and digital design are used in almost every industry, while product, interior and fashion design depend more on local manufacturing, construction and retail. Many skills transfer between specialisms, so changing direction later is possible. **Will AI replace designers?** AI image tools can already produce simple graphics and design variations quickly, which is changing routine design work. Designers who understand clients, solve real problems, direct AI tools and create original ideas are likely to remain valuable. Learning to use AI tools well, alongside strong design judgement, is becoming part of the job. ## What can you do with an economics degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/economics/ ISCED-F 2013: 0311 An economics degree studies how people, businesses and governments make choices with limited resources, and how markets, money and policy affect jobs, prices and growth. It uses mathematics, statistics and data. Graduates become economists, financial analysts, data analysts, management consultants, policy officers and actuaries, and work in banks, governments, international organisations and businesses. ### Careers with an economics degree Economics graduates work in finance, government, consulting, business and research. Many become financial analysts or data analysts, and others join consulting firms as management consultants. Economist roles in central banks, government departments and international organisations are competitive and often need a master's degree. Policy officers use economic thinking in areas such as health, energy and trade. Graduates with strong mathematics can become actuaries after professional exams. Less obvious options include journalism, market research, competition regulation and roles in technology companies. - Economist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/economist/ - Financial analyst: https://coursetojob.com/careers/financial-analyst/ - Management consultant: https://coursetojob.com/careers/management-consultant/ - Data analyst: https://coursetojob.com/careers/data-analyst/ - Policy officer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/policy-officer/ - Actuary: https://coursetojob.com/careers/actuary/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK and much of Europe, a bachelor's degree usually takes three years, and in the United States, Canada and many Asian countries it is typically a four-year programme, often as a major within a broader degree. Programmes differ a lot in how mathematical they are: some focus on econometrics and theory, while others focus on policy, history and political economy. Many universities expect strong school mathematics. A master's degree is common, and it is often expected for professional economist roles in governments and international organisations. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with an economics degree?** Common jobs include economist, financial analyst, data analyst, management consultant, policy officer and actuary. Graduates also work in investment banking, economic consulting, market research, pricing, journalism and regulation. Employers include banks, governments, central banks, international organisations, consulting firms, technology companies and charities. **Is economics a hard degree?** It can be demanding, mainly because of the mathematics and statistics. Most programmes include calculus, statistics and econometrics, and the theory can feel abstract at first. Students who are comfortable with mathematics and enjoy applying it to real-world questions usually do well. Some programmes are less mathematical, so compare modules before you apply. **Do you need maths to study economics?** In most cases, yes. Many universities ask for good school mathematics, and the most competitive programmes often require advanced mathematics. You use calculus, algebra and statistics throughout the degree. If you are less confident, look for programmes with foundation mathematics modules or a stronger focus on policy and history. **What is the difference between economics and business management?** Economics studies how whole markets and economies work, using theory, mathematics and data to explain choices, prices, jobs and growth. Business management focuses on how individual organisations are run, including marketing, people, operations and strategy. Economics is usually more mathematical and theoretical, while business management is more practical and applied. ## What can you do with an education degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/education/ ISCED-F 2013: 0113, 0114 An education degree studies how people learn and how teaching, schools and education systems work. Some programmes train you as a qualified teacher, while others, often called education studies, focus on theory and policy. Many graduates become primary, secondary or early years teachers, and others work in learning support, training, libraries and education policy. ### Careers with an education degree Most education graduates become teachers in early years settings, primary schools or secondary schools, and some teach languages to children or adults. The degree also leads to work outside the classroom, for example as a librarian, an instructional designer, a careers adviser or an education officer in a museum or charity. Many teachers later move into school leadership, special educational needs support, teacher training, education policy or educational research. - Primary school teacher: https://coursetojob.com/careers/primary-teacher/ - Secondary school teacher: https://coursetojob.com/careers/secondary-teacher/ - Early years teacher: https://coursetojob.com/careers/early-years-teacher/ - Language teacher: https://coursetojob.com/careers/language-teacher/ - Librarian: https://coursetojob.com/careers/librarian/ ### How the degree differs around the world Routes into teaching differ widely between countries. In many countries, including the UK and Australia, you can take a three- or four-year Bachelor of Education that combines teaching theory, subject study and school placements and leads to a teaching qualification. Another common route, especially for secondary teachers, is a degree in a school subject followed by a one- or two-year teaching qualification. In Canada, the Bachelor of Education is often taken after another degree. Finland expects school teachers to hold a master's degree, and in Germany university study is followed by supervised training in schools. Teachers in state schools usually need a licence or registration from a national or regional authority. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with an education degree?** Most graduates become primary, secondary or early years teachers, or language teachers in schools and language centres. Others work as teaching assistants, special education teachers, librarians, instructional designers, careers advisers, education officers in museums and charities, or policy officers in government. Experienced teachers often move into school leadership or teacher training. **Do you need an education degree to become a teacher?** Not always. In many countries you can become a teacher with a degree in another subject followed by a teaching qualification, which is the usual route for secondary teachers. A Bachelor of Education is more common for primary and early years teaching. Rules differ by country and region, so check with the teacher registration authority where you want to work. **Is an education degree the same as a teaching qualification?** Not necessarily. Some education degrees include supervised school placements and lead directly to a teaching qualification. Education studies degrees focus on theory, policy and research and usually do not qualify you to teach on their own. Before you apply, check whether the programme is recognised by the authority that registers teachers in the country where you want to work. **Can I teach in another country with an education degree?** Often, but it takes planning. Each country or region sets its own rules, so you may need to have your qualification assessed, pass extra exams or complete a period of supervised teaching. International schools and language schools are common first steps abroad, and many of them hire teachers who qualified in other countries. ## What can you do with an electrical engineering degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/electrical-engineering/ ISCED-F 2013: 0713, 0714 An electrical engineering degree teaches how to design and build systems that generate, control and use electricity, from power grids and motors to circuits, chips and communication networks. Most graduates become electrical or electronics engineers, while others work in telecommunications, software, artificial intelligence and medical technology. ### Careers with an electrical engineering degree Many electrical engineering graduates work as electrical engineers in energy, construction, transport and manufacturing, or as electronics engineers who design devices and chips. Others become network engineers in telecommunications, or move into software development and AI engineering, where knowledge of hardware and signals is useful. Less obvious paths include biomedical engineering, patent work, technical sales and energy policy. The move to renewable energy and electric transport is also creating new kinds of roles. - Electrical engineer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/electrical-engineer/ - Biomedical engineer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/biomedical-engineer/ - Network engineer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/network-engineer/ - Software developer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/software-developer/ - AI engineer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/ai-engineer/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the United States, Canada and many Asian countries, electrical engineering is usually a four-year bachelor's degree. In the UK a bachelor's usually takes three years, or four for an integrated master's, and in much of Europe a three- or four-year bachelor's is often followed by a master's. In France, many engineers study at specialist engineering schools for about five years after secondary school. Entry usually requires strong mathematics and physics. Look for programmes accredited by a national engineering body. Accreditation is recognised between many countries through agreements such as the Washington Accord, and it makes later professional registration easier. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with an electrical engineering degree?** The most common jobs are electrical engineer, electronics engineer, control systems engineer and telecommunications or network engineer. Graduates also work as software developers, AI engineers and biomedical engineers, in energy companies, transport, manufacturing, construction and government. Some move into project management, technical sales or patent work. **What is the difference between electrical and electronic engineering?** Electrical engineering traditionally deals with larger systems such as power generation, power networks, motors and building services. Electronic engineering focuses on smaller circuits and devices, such as chips, sensors and communication equipment. Many universities teach both in one degree and let you specialise in later years, and employers treat the two as closely related. **Is electrical engineering hard?** It is one of the more demanding engineering degrees, because many ideas, such as electromagnetism and signals, are abstract and rely on advanced mathematics. The workload usually includes lectures, laboratory sessions and design projects. Students who keep up with the mathematics from the start and practise regularly usually manage well. **Do electrical engineers need a licence?** Many jobs do not need one, but in several countries you need professional registration or a licence to approve designs, lead certain projects or use a protected title. This usually requires an accredited degree, several years of supervised work and sometimes exams. Rules differ between countries, so check with the national engineering regulator. ## What can you do with an english literature degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/english-literature/ ISCED-F 2013: 0232 An English literature degree teaches you to read, analyse and write about novels, poetry, plays and other texts written in English, from medieval writing to the present day. Graduates build strong writing and critical thinking skills and often work in teaching, writing, journalism, public relations, publishing and libraries, or go on to further study. ### Careers with an english literature degree English literature graduates work wherever clear writing and careful reading matter. Common paths include secondary teaching, journalism, public relations, publishing and library work, and some become writers or, if they speak another language well, translators. Many also join graduate programmes in business, the civil service or charities, where employers value communication skills more than a specific subject. With a conversion course, some move into law. Work experience and a portfolio built during the degree make a big difference. - Writer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/writer/ - Journalist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/journalist/ - Public relations officer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/public-relations-officer/ - Secondary school teacher: https://coursetojob.com/careers/secondary-teacher/ - Librarian: https://coursetojob.com/careers/librarian/ - Translator: https://coursetojob.com/careers/translator/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK and Ireland, an English literature bachelor's degree usually takes three or four years, and you can study it on its own or combined with another subject. In the United States and Canada, students usually major in English within a four-year degree that includes general education courses. In countries where English is not the main language, similar programmes are often called English studies or English philology, and they combine literature with advanced language training and linguistics. In many European countries a bachelor's is followed by a master's, which may be needed for school teaching. Entry usually requires strong results in English at school. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with an English literature degree?** Common jobs include secondary teacher, journalist, writer, editor, copywriter, public relations officer, librarian and translator. Many graduates also work in marketing, publishing, human resources, the civil service and charities, or train as lawyers after a conversion course. The degree does not lead to one set job, so work experience matters. **Is an English literature degree worth it?** It can be, especially if you want a career built on writing, communication or teaching. The skills are useful in many jobs, but the degree does not lead to one set career, and early earnings are often lower than for subjects such as engineering, as the UK data on this page suggests. Internships, student media and a writing portfolio improve your chances. **What is the difference between English literature and English language?** English literature focuses on reading and interpreting texts such as novels, poems and plays. English language, or linguistics, studies how the language works: its grammar, sounds, history and how people use it in society. Many universities offer combined degrees, and in countries where English is a foreign language, English studies programmes usually cover both. **Do you need to be a native English speaker to study English literature?** No. Many students on English literature and English studies programmes around the world are not native speakers. You do need a high level of English to read complex texts and write academic essays, and universities in English-speaking countries usually ask international applicants for a recognised English language test result. ## What can you do with an environmental science degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/environmental-science/ ISCED-F 2013: 0521 An environmental science degree studies how the natural world works and how human activity affects air, water, soil, wildlife and climate. It combines biology, chemistry, geography and geology with fieldwork and data analysis. Graduates often work as environmental scientists, consultants and policy officers, or in planning, agriculture and conservation, on problems such as pollution and climate change. ### Careers with an environmental science degree Environmental science graduates work for consultancies, government agencies, water and energy companies, farms, conservation charities and international organisations. Many start as environmental scientists or consultants, carrying out surveys, impact assessments and monitoring. Others move into urban planning, environmental policy or sustainability roles in business. With further study or training, some become agronomists, geologists or environmental engineers. Growing attention to climate change and nature has widened the range of roles, but entry-level jobs can be competitive. - Environmental scientist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/environmental-scientist/ - Environmental engineer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/environmental-engineer/ - Urban planner: https://coursetojob.com/careers/urban-planner/ - Agronomist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/agronomist/ - Geologist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/geologist/ - Policy officer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/policy-officer/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK and much of Europe, a bachelor's degree usually takes three years, and many graduates add a one- or two-year master's to specialise. In the United States, Canada and many Asian countries it is usually a four-year programme, and some universities offer both a science track and a more policy-based environmental studies track. Programmes differ a lot in focus: some are close to biology or geography, while others include more chemistry, engineering or economics. Entry usually requires at least one science subject at school. Fieldwork is part of most programmes, and in some countries degrees can be accredited by professional environmental bodies. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with an environmental science degree?** Common jobs include environmental scientist, environmental consultant, ecologist, sustainability officer, conservation officer and policy officer. Graduates also work in urban planning, water and waste management, agriculture and energy. With further study or training, some become environmental engineers, geologists or agronomists, and others teach science or work in research. **What is the difference between environmental science and environmental studies?** Environmental science focuses on the natural sciences, such as biology, chemistry and earth science, and uses laboratory work, fieldwork and data. Environmental studies looks more at people, society, policy and economics. Universities and countries use these names in different ways, so read the list of modules before you apply. **Is environmental science a good degree for working on climate change?** Yes, it is one of several good routes. It gives you a broad understanding of climate, ecosystems and pollution, and the data skills employers want. Some specialist climate research roles prefer degrees in physics, mathematics or atmospheric science, while policy roles often value economics or law, so choose modules that match the work you want. **Is environmental science a hard degree?** It is moderately demanding. You study several sciences at once, so you need to be comfortable with chemistry, biology and basic statistics, and fieldwork can be physically tiring. Most students find the variety interesting, but it can mean less depth than a single-science degree such as chemistry or biology. ## What can you do with a geography degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/geography/ ISCED-F 2013: 0314, 0532 A geography degree studies places, people and the environment, and how they affect each other. It covers physical geography, such as landscapes, rivers and climate, and human geography, such as cities, population and development. Graduates often become urban planners, environmental scientists, policy officers, data analysts or teachers, and the mix of science and social science suits many careers. ### Careers with a geography degree Geography graduates work in a wide range of fields because the degree mixes science, social science and data skills. Common paths include urban and transport planning, environmental consultancy, government and policy work, and teaching geography in secondary schools. GIS and data skills also lead to roles as data analysts and GIS specialists. Less obvious careers include logistics, market research, land surveying, international development and emergency planning. - Urban planner: https://coursetojob.com/careers/urban-planner/ - Environmental scientist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/environmental-scientist/ - Policy officer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/policy-officer/ - Secondary school teacher: https://coursetojob.com/careers/secondary-teacher/ - Data analyst: https://coursetojob.com/careers/data-analyst/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK and much of Europe, a geography bachelor's degree usually takes three years, or four in Scotland, and some universities offer a science-based version and a social science version. In the United States and Canada, geography is usually a major within a four-year degree, and not every university offers it. In some countries, human geography is taught in social science faculties and physical geography in earth science faculties. Entry requirements vary, but geography or a science subject at school often helps. Fieldwork is part of most programmes, and in many European countries a master's is common for planning or specialist roles. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a geography degree?** Common jobs include urban planner, environmental scientist, policy officer, secondary teacher, data analyst and GIS analyst. Graduates also work in transport planning, environmental consultancy, logistics, market research, surveying, international development and emergency planning. The mix of data, fieldwork and writing skills is useful in both the public and private sectors. **Is geography a science or an arts degree?** It can be either. Physical geography is a natural science, while human geography is a social science, and many degrees include both. Some universities offer separate science and arts or social science versions with different module choices. Employers usually care more about your skills, such as data analysis and GIS, than about the degree title. **Is a geography degree useful?** Yes. Geography graduates develop a useful mix of skills, including data analysis, mapping, fieldwork, report writing and an understanding of environmental and social issues. The degree does not lead to one fixed career, so building GIS skills, work experience or a clear specialism during your studies helps you stand out. **Can you become an urban planner with a geography degree?** Yes. Geography is one of the most common backgrounds for urban planners. In many countries you also need a planning degree or master's that is recognised by the national planning body, followed by work experience, to gain full professional status. Check the rules in the country where you want to work. ## What can you do with a geology degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/geology/ ISCED-F 2013: 0532 A geology degree studies the Earth: its rocks, minerals, fossils and structure, and the processes that shape it, from volcanoes and earthquakes to groundwater and past climates. Graduates often work as geologists, environmental scientists or engineering geologists in mining, energy, construction, water supply and environmental protection. ### Careers with a geology degree Many geology graduates work as geologists in mining, quarrying, oil and gas or geothermal energy, or as engineering geologists on construction and infrastructure projects. Others become environmental scientists or environmental engineers, working on contaminated land, groundwater and waste. Newer areas include carbon storage, minerals for batteries and natural hazard assessment. Some graduates move into civil engineering, usually after further study, or into data analysis and teaching. - Geologist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/geologist/ - Environmental scientist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/environmental-scientist/ - Civil engineer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/civil-engineer/ - Environmental engineer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/environmental-engineer/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK and much of Europe, a geology bachelor's degree usually takes three years, and a four-year integrated master's or a separate master's is common for professional roles. In the United States and Canada it is typically a four-year programme, often called geology or earth sciences, and many geologists later take a master's. Fieldwork is central almost everywhere, with field courses and often an independent mapping project. Entry usually requires science and mathematics at school. Some programmes are accredited by national geological bodies, and in Canada and many US states geologists need professional registration or a licence for certain work. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a geology degree?** Common jobs include geologist, engineering geologist, hydrogeologist, geophysicist, environmental scientist and environmental engineer. Graduates work in mining, energy, construction, water supply, environmental consultancy and national geological surveys. Some move into civil engineering, data analysis, teaching, or natural hazard and risk assessment. **Is geology a good career for the future?** Geology skills are needed for water supply, construction and natural hazards, for finding the minerals used in batteries and renewable energy, and for storing carbon underground. At the same time, jobs in oil, gas and mining rise and fall with prices. Skills in data, GIS and environmental work help you move between sectors. **What is the difference between geology and geography?** Geology studies the solid Earth: rocks, minerals, fossils and the processes below the surface, using chemistry and physics. Geography studies the Earth's surface and the relationship between people and places, including landscapes, climate, cities and populations. Physical geography and geology overlap, but geology is usually more technical and laboratory-based. **Do you need to be good at mathematics to study geology?** You need a solid base, but usually not the level required for physics or engineering. Most programmes use mathematics and statistics for geophysics, modelling and data analysis, and some offer support modules. Chemistry and physics at school are also useful, and many programmes ask for at least one science subject. ## What can you do with a history degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/history/ ISCED-F 2013: 0222 A history degree studies how societies, cultures, economies and ideas have changed over time, using evidence such as documents, objects and people's memories. You learn to research, weigh evidence and write clear arguments. Graduates often become teachers, lawyers, journalists, policy officers, librarians or researchers, and work in heritage, government and business. ### Careers with a history degree History graduates work in many fields where research, judgement and clear writing matter. Common paths include teaching in secondary schools, law, journalism, government and policy work, and library, archive and museum roles. Many also join graduate programmes in business, finance and the civil service, where employers value analytical skills more than a specific subject. Further study can lead to university teaching and research. Heritage and museum jobs are rewarding but competitive, so volunteering and work experience help. - Secondary school teacher: https://coursetojob.com/careers/secondary-teacher/ - Lawyer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/lawyer/ - Journalist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/journalist/ - Policy officer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/policy-officer/ - Librarian: https://coursetojob.com/careers/librarian/ - University lecturer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/university-lecturer/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK and much of Europe, a history bachelor's degree usually takes three years, or four in Scotland, and focuses on history from the start, often with a dissertation in the final year. In the United States and Canada, students usually major in history within a four-year degree that also includes general education courses. In many European countries a bachelor's is often followed by a two-year master's, which may be needed for school teaching or academic work. Entry requirements are usually flexible, although strong writing skills and history at school help. Studying the history of other regions may also require languages. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a history degree?** Common jobs include secondary teacher, lawyer, journalist, policy officer, librarian, archivist, museum curator and university lecturer. Many graduates also work in the civil service, politics, publishing, marketing, finance and management consulting, where research and writing skills are valued. Some roles, such as law, teaching and archive work, need further training. **Is a history degree worth it?** For many people, yes. It builds research, writing and reasoning skills that employers in law, government, media and business value. It does not train you for one set job, so your results depend a lot on work experience, networking and further study. The official UK graduate data on this page gives one example of typical outcomes. **Can you become a lawyer with a history degree?** Yes. History is a common background for lawyers because it trains you to analyse evidence and build arguments. In countries where law is a first degree, you usually take a conversion course or a graduate law degree. In the United States and most of Canada, you apply to law school after any bachelor's degree. Qualifying then needs professional training and exams. **Is history a hard degree?** It is demanding in a different way from science degrees. You usually spend less time in lectures and laboratories, but much more time reading and writing on your own, so you need to organise your time well. Students who read widely, take careful notes and start essays early usually do well. ## What can you do with a hospitality and tourism degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/hospitality-and-tourism/ ISCED-F 2013: 1013, 1015 A hospitality and tourism degree teaches how to run hotels, restaurants, travel services, attractions and events as businesses. It combines management, marketing and finance with practical training, often including a long placement in industry. Graduates often become hotel managers, event managers, marketing managers or project managers, and the skills are used in travel and service industries worldwide. ### Careers with a hospitality and tourism degree Hospitality and tourism graduates work for hotels, resorts, restaurants, airlines, cruise lines, travel companies, tourist boards and event venues. Many start on management training programmes and move up to hotel manager or event manager. The marketing, sales and planning skills from the degree also lead to marketing manager and project manager roles, both inside and outside tourism. Less obvious paths include revenue management, corporate travel and tourism development work for governments. - Hotel manager: https://coursetojob.com/careers/hotel-manager/ - Event manager: https://coursetojob.com/careers/event-manager/ - Marketing manager: https://coursetojob.com/careers/marketing-manager/ - Project manager: https://coursetojob.com/careers/project-manager/ ### How the degree differs around the world Hospitality and tourism degrees are offered by universities and by specialist hotel schools, especially in Switzerland and other parts of Europe and Asia. In the UK a bachelor's usually takes three years, or four with a placement year. In the United States it is usually a four-year degree, and in Australia a three-year degree is common. Many programmes include a long internship in industry, and many countries also offer shorter vocational diplomas. Entry requirements are usually moderate, and language skills are a strong advantage. Some programmes are certified by international tourism or education bodies. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a hospitality and tourism degree?** Common jobs include hotel manager, event manager, restaurant manager, travel consultant, revenue manager and tourism development officer. Graduates also work in marketing, sales, customer experience and project management, both in tourism and in other industries such as retail and airlines. Many start in operational roles and move into management. **Do you need a degree to work in hospitality?** No. Many people start in hotels, restaurants or travel companies without a degree and learn on the job. A degree can help you move into management faster, and it is often expected for graduate training programmes and head office roles. Vocational diplomas and apprenticeships are common alternatives in many countries. **Is hospitality management a good career?** It can be rewarding if you enjoy working with people and like variety, and it offers chances to work abroad. The hours can be long and include weekends and holidays, starting pay in operational roles is often modest, and demand falls during economic crises. People who perform well can move into management quickly. **Is it better to study hospitality at a university or a hotel school?** Both can lead to good jobs. Specialist hotel schools usually focus on practical training and long internships and have strong links with international hotel groups. Universities often offer a broader business education and more research-based teaching. Compare the placements, the recognition of the degree and the costs before you choose. ## What can you do with an international relations degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/international-relations/ ISCED-F 2013: 0312 An international relations degree studies how countries, international organisations, businesses and other groups interact across borders. It covers diplomacy, conflict and security, international law, the global economy and development. Graduates often work as diplomats, policy officers, journalists, translators or consultants, in government, international organisations, charities and business. ### Careers with an international relations degree International relations graduates work in government, international organisations, charities, business, media and research. Some join the diplomatic service after competitive selection, and many more become policy officers or analysts in ministries, think tanks and non-governmental organisations. Others become journalists, consultants who advise businesses on political risk, or translators if they speak other languages well. Many international jobs expect a master's degree, languages and experience abroad, so internships and volunteering matter. - Diplomat: https://coursetojob.com/careers/diplomat/ - Policy officer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/policy-officer/ - Journalist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/journalist/ - Translator: https://coursetojob.com/careers/translator/ - Management consultant: https://coursetojob.com/careers/management-consultant/ ### How the degree differs around the world International relations is often taught within politics or political science, but many universities also offer it as a separate degree. In the UK and much of Europe, a bachelor's usually takes three years, while in the United States, Canada and many Asian countries it is usually a four-year programme, sometimes called international studies or international affairs. Many programmes include a foreign language or a period of study abroad. A master's degree is very common, and some specialist schools teach international affairs mainly at graduate level. Entry requirements vary, and no particular school subjects are usually needed. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with an international relations degree?** Common jobs include diplomat, policy officer, political risk analyst, journalist, translator and management consultant. Graduates also work for international organisations, charities, humanitarian agencies, think tanks, banks and multinational companies. Entry to diplomatic and international organisation careers is competitive and often needs a master's degree, languages and relevant experience. **What is the difference between international relations and politics?** Politics, or political science, studies government, power and political systems, often focusing on individual countries. International relations looks at relations between countries and at global issues such as war, trade, climate and human rights. Many universities teach them together, and many modules overlap. **Do you need an international relations degree to become a diplomat?** No. Most diplomatic services do not require a particular subject, and they select people through written exams, interviews and assessments. An international relations degree gives useful background knowledge, but languages, general knowledge and communication skills matter a lot. Check the entry rules of your country's foreign ministry. **Is international relations a good degree?** It is a good choice if you are interested in global affairs and want a career in government, international organisations, media or business. The subject is broad, so employers look for extra evidence of skills, such as languages, data analysis, internships or time abroad. Without these, finding a first job can take longer. ## What can you do with a journalism and media studies degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/journalism-and-media/ ISCED-F 2013: 0321 A journalism and media studies degree teaches how news and media content is researched, produced and shared, and how media shapes society. Practical courses cover reporting, writing, video, audio and digital publishing, while media studies modules look at media industries, audiences and ethics. Graduates often become journalists, writers, public relations officers or digital marketers. ### Careers with a journalism and media studies degree Journalism and media graduates work for news organisations, broadcasters, publishers, agencies, businesses, charities and governments. Some become reporters, editors or producers, but traditional newsroom jobs are limited and competitive. Many graduates use the same skills in public relations, digital marketing, content creation and corporate communications, and some later become marketing managers. Others work as writers, video producers, social media managers or researchers. A strong portfolio of published work often matters as much as grades. - Journalist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/journalist/ - Public relations officer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/public-relations-officer/ - Digital marketer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/digital-marketer/ - Writer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/writer/ - Marketing manager: https://coursetojob.com/careers/marketing-manager/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK and much of Europe, a bachelor's degree usually takes three years. In the United States, Canada and many Asian countries it is usually a four-year programme, often called journalism, mass communication or communication studies. Programmes differ a lot: some are practical and industry-focused, while media studies degrees are more theoretical. In some countries, journalism is mainly taught at master's level or through training schemes run by news organisations. Some programmes are accredited by industry bodies. In most countries journalism is not a licensed profession, although a few have a professional register for journalists. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a journalism and media studies degree?** Common jobs include journalist, editor, broadcast producer, writer, public relations officer, digital marketer and social media manager. Graduates also work in corporate communications, content creation, advertising, publishing and research. Newsroom jobs are competitive, so many graduates use their skills in communications and marketing roles, and some move into marketing management. **Do you need a journalism degree to become a journalist?** No. Many journalists studied other subjects, such as politics, history, languages or science, and then learned the job through student media, internships, postgraduate courses or employer training schemes. A journalism degree gives you practical skills and contacts, but editors mainly look at your published work, your ideas and your knowledge of a subject. **What is the difference between journalism and media studies?** Journalism degrees are mainly practical: you learn to find, check, write and produce news for print, broadcast and online. Media studies is more theoretical and looks at how media industries work, how audiences use media and how media affects culture and politics. Many degrees combine the two, so check the balance of modules. **Is journalism a good career?** It can be very rewarding if you care about informing the public and enjoy variety. However, the news industry has changed a lot, with fewer traditional jobs, more freelance and short-term work, and modest pay in many early-career roles. Skills in video, data and digital publishing improve your chances, and they also transfer well to communications jobs. ## What can you do with a law degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/law/ ISCED-F 2013: 0421 A law degree teaches how legal systems work and how to find, interpret and apply the law, from contracts and crime to human rights. It is the usual first step towards becoming a lawyer, although qualifying needs further training and exams. Graduates also become paralegals, policy officers, diplomats, human resources officers and police officers, and work in business and government. ### Careers with a law degree Many law graduates aim to qualify as lawyers, a profession with different titles around the world, such as attorney, advocate, solicitor, barrister or notary. The path is long and competitive, and many graduates choose other careers. They work as paralegals, compliance officers, human resources officers and police officers, and in the civil service, policy work and diplomacy. Legal knowledge is also valued in banking, insurance, journalism and technology companies. - Lawyer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/lawyer/ - Paralegal: https://coursetojob.com/careers/paralegal/ - Policy officer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/policy-officer/ - Diplomat: https://coursetojob.com/careers/diplomat/ - Human resources officer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/human-resources-officer/ - Police officer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/police-officer/ ### How the degree differs around the world In most countries, law is a first degree that you start straight after school. It usually takes three to five years, for example three years in England, four in China and five in Brazil. In the United States, and in Canada outside Quebec, law is a graduate degree: a three-year Juris Doctor (JD) taken after another bachelor's degree. Some countries, such as India and Australia, offer both routes, and Japan and South Korea have graduate law schools. Almost everywhere, the degree alone does not let you practise. You usually need further professional training, supervised practice and a bar or state exam, run by national or regional authorities. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a law degree?** Common jobs include lawyer (after further training), paralegal, compliance officer, policy officer, human resources officer, police officer and diplomat. Law graduates also work in banking, insurance, tax, journalism, the civil service and international organisations. Many employers outside law value the degree for its research, reasoning and writing skills. **Do you need a law degree to become a lawyer?** It depends on the country. In the United States and most of Canada, you need a Juris Doctor from law school, which you start after a bachelor's degree in any subject. In England and Wales, graduates of other subjects can qualify through a conversion course or the professional exams. In many other countries, including much of Europe, a law degree is normally required. **Can you become a lawyer with just a law degree?** Usually not. In most countries you must also complete professional training, a period of supervised practice and a bar or state exam before you can practise. The steps, length and costs differ between countries and sometimes between regions. Check the rules of the regulator or bar association where you want to work. **Is a law degree hard?** Law is demanding because of the amount of reading and the need for precise analysis and writing. You learn many rules and cases, and exams test how well you apply them to new problems. Students who manage their time well, read regularly and practise answering problem questions usually cope well. ## What can you do with a marketing degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/marketing/ ISCED-F 2013: 0414 A marketing degree teaches how organisations understand customers, develop products and brands, and promote them through advertising, digital channels, sales and public relations. It combines business studies with psychology, data analysis and creative work. Graduates often become digital marketers, marketing managers, public relations officers or event managers, and work in almost every industry. ### Careers with a marketing degree Marketing graduates work in consumer brands, retail, technology, finance, healthcare, charities, government and marketing agencies. Many start as digital marketers or marketing assistants, handling social media, content, search and email campaigns, and later become marketing managers. Others move into public relations, event management, market research, brand management, sales or product management. Graduates with creative skills sometimes move into graphic design after extra training or building a portfolio. Data skills are increasingly important in all these roles. - Marketing manager: https://coursetojob.com/careers/marketing-manager/ - Digital marketer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/digital-marketer/ - Public relations officer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/public-relations-officer/ - Event manager: https://coursetojob.com/careers/event-manager/ - Graphic designer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/graphic-designer/ ### How the degree differs around the world Marketing is studied as a specialist degree or as a major within a business or commerce degree. In the UK and much of Europe, a bachelor's usually takes three years, and many UK programmes offer an optional placement year. In the United States, Canada and many Asian countries it is usually a four-year business degree with a marketing major, and in Australia a three-year commerce or business degree is common. Entry requirements are usually moderate, and mathematics helps with data modules. Some business schools hold international accreditation, and professional marketing bodies in several countries offer their own qualifications. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a marketing degree?** Common jobs include digital marketer, marketing manager, public relations officer, event manager, brand manager, market research analyst, social media manager and agency account manager. Graduates also work in sales, product management, online retail and communications in almost every industry, as well as in charities and government. **Is a marketing degree worth it?** It can be, especially if you combine it with practical experience. The degree gives you a useful mix of business, psychology and data skills, but many marketing jobs are also open to graduates of other subjects. Internships, a portfolio of campaigns and digital skills often make the difference. The official UK data on this page gives one example of graduate outcomes. **Do you need a marketing degree to work in marketing?** No. Many marketers studied business, English, psychology, media or other subjects, and some started without a degree. Employers mainly want evidence that you can communicate, understand customers and use digital tools and data. A marketing degree gives you a strong base and can make it easier to join graduate programmes. **What is the difference between marketing and business management?** Business management covers all parts of running an organisation, including finance, operations, human resources and strategy. Marketing focuses on customers: research, branding, communication, pricing and sales. Many business degrees include marketing modules, and many marketing degrees include core business subjects, so the choice depends on how much you want to specialise. ## What can you do with a mathematics degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/mathematics/ ISCED-F 2013: 0541 A mathematics degree develops advanced reasoning and problem-solving through pure mathematics, such as algebra and analysis, and applied areas, such as statistics, modelling and computing. The skills are used widely in finance, technology, science and government, and graduates often become actuaries, statisticians, data scientists, financial analysts, software developers or teachers. ### Careers with a mathematics degree Mathematics graduates work wherever numbers, models and logical thinking matter. Common paths include actuarial work in insurance and pensions, statistics, data science and financial analysis, as well as software development and secondary school teaching, where mathematics teachers are in short supply in many countries. Other careers include operational research, cryptography, engineering, economics and scientific research. Many roles need further professional exams or training, but the degree gives a strong base for most careers that use numbers. - Actuary: https://coursetojob.com/careers/actuary/ - Statistician: https://coursetojob.com/careers/statistician/ - Data scientist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/data-scientist/ - Financial analyst: https://coursetojob.com/careers/financial-analyst/ - Software developer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/software-developer/ - Secondary school teacher: https://coursetojob.com/careers/secondary-teacher/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK and much of Europe, a mathematics bachelor's degree usually takes three years, and a four-year integrated master's or a separate master's is common for research and some specialist jobs. In the United States and Canada it is usually a four-year programme where students major in mathematics and also take courses in other subjects. In China and many other Asian countries it is also usually a four-year degree. Entry almost always requires advanced mathematics at school, and some universities set their own mathematics admission tests. Programmes differ in their balance of pure mathematics, applied mathematics and statistics, so compare modules carefully. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a mathematics degree?** Common jobs include actuary, statistician, data scientist, data analyst, financial analyst, software developer and secondary mathematics teacher. Graduates also work as quantitative analysts, operational research analysts, risk analysts, economists and researchers in science and engineering. Employers in finance, technology, government and consulting value the problem-solving and data skills the degree builds. **Is a mathematics degree hard?** Yes, it is widely seen as one of the more demanding degrees. University mathematics moves quickly from calculation to abstract proof, which many students find a big change from school. Regular practice, working through problems with other students and asking for help early all make a big difference. **Is a mathematics degree worth it?** In most countries, mathematics graduates have good job prospects in many sectors, and the official UK data on this page shows how their earnings compare. The degree keeps many options open, but most well-paid roles also need programming, communication skills or professional exams, so it helps to build these during your studies. **What is the difference between pure and applied mathematics?** Pure mathematics studies mathematical ideas for their own sake, such as algebra, number theory and analysis, and focuses on proof. Applied mathematics uses mathematics to model and solve problems in physics, engineering, biology, finance and other fields. Most degrees include both in the early years and let you specialise later. ## What can you do with a mechanical engineering degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/mechanical-engineering/ ISCED-F 2013: 0715 A mechanical engineering degree teaches how to design, analyse and make machines and systems that move or use energy, from engines and robots to medical devices and power plants. It is one of the broadest engineering degrees. Most graduates become mechanical engineers, while others work in aerospace, biomedical engineering, manufacturing, supply chains and project management. ### Careers with a mechanical engineering degree Mechanical engineering is one of the most flexible engineering degrees. Most graduates work as mechanical engineers in manufacturing, energy, automotive, construction, defence and consumer products, and some move into aerospace or biomedical engineering. Others use their technical and organisational skills in supply chain management, production management and project management. Less obvious paths include technical sales, patent work, renewable energy, robotics and engineering consultancy. Many engineers move into management as their careers develop. - Mechanical engineer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/mechanical-engineer/ - Aerospace engineer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/aerospace-engineer/ - Biomedical engineer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/biomedical-engineer/ - Supply chain manager: https://coursetojob.com/careers/supply-chain-manager/ - Project manager: https://coursetojob.com/careers/project-manager/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the United States, Canada and many Asian countries, mechanical engineering is usually a four-year bachelor's degree. In the UK a bachelor's usually takes three years, or four for an integrated master's, while in much of Europe a three- or four-year bachelor's is often followed by a master's. Germany and some neighbouring countries also have universities of applied sciences with more practical, industry-linked programmes. Entry usually requires strong mathematics and physics. Accredited degrees make it easier to gain chartered or licensed engineer status later, and agreements such as the Washington Accord help with recognition between countries. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a mechanical engineering degree?** The most common job is mechanical engineer, in areas such as manufacturing, energy, automotive, building services and defence. Graduates also become aerospace engineers, biomedical engineers, design engineers, robotics engineers, supply chain managers and project managers. Some move into technical sales, consultancy, patent work or finance, where problem-solving skills are valued. **Is mechanical engineering hard?** It is demanding. You need a strong grasp of mathematics and physics, and the workload includes lectures, laboratory sessions, calculations and team design projects. Many students find the first year the biggest step up from school. Keeping up with weekly problems and asking for help early makes the degree much more manageable. **What is the difference between mechanical and electrical engineering?** Mechanical engineering deals with forces, motion, heat, materials and machines, such as engines, pumps and robots. Electrical engineering deals with electricity, electronics and signals, such as power grids, circuits and communication systems. The two overlap in areas such as mechatronics, robotics and electric vehicles, and many projects need both types of engineer. **Is mechanical engineering a good career?** For many people, yes. Mechanical engineers are needed in almost every industry that makes or maintains physical products, from energy and transport to healthcare. The skills transfer well between sectors and countries, especially with an accredited degree. Some industries, such as automotive and oil and gas, go through ups and downs, so being flexible about sector helps. ## What can you do with a medicine degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/medicine/ ISCED-F 2013: 0912 A medicine degree trains you to diagnose, treat and prevent illness, combining medical science with supervised clinical work in hospitals and communities. Most graduates become doctors after further training and a licence to practise. The degree also leads to careers in public health, epidemiology, medical research and university teaching. ### Careers with a medicine degree Most medicine graduates go on to work as doctors, first in supervised training posts and then in a specialty such as general practice, surgery, paediatrics or psychiatry. The degree also opens doors outside direct patient care. Some graduates become epidemiologists or public health specialists, others do research or teach as university lecturers, and a few retrain in related fields such as clinical psychology. Medical knowledge is also valued in the pharmaceutical industry, health policy, medical writing and global health organisations. - Doctor: https://coursetojob.com/careers/doctor/ - Epidemiologist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/epidemiologist/ - Clinical psychologist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/clinical-psychologist/ - University lecturer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/university-lecturer/ ### How the degree differs around the world In much of the world, including the UK, most of Europe, Africa, the Middle East and South Asia, medicine is a first degree that you start straight after school. It usually takes five to six years, and sometimes longer. Some countries, such as the UK, Ireland and Australia, also offer graduate-entry programmes for people who already have a degree. In the United States and Canada, you normally complete a bachelor's degree first and then a four-year Doctor of Medicine (MD) programme. Almost everywhere, graduation is followed by supervised practice, such as an internship, foundation years or residency, and a licence from the medical regulator. Places are limited and entry is highly competitive. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a medicine degree?** Most graduates train as doctors and later specialise, for example in general practice, surgery, psychiatry or emergency medicine. Others become epidemiologists, public health specialists, medical researchers or university lecturers. Medical graduates also work in the pharmaceutical industry, health policy, medical writing and global health organisations, and a few retrain in related fields such as clinical psychology. **How long does it take to become a doctor?** It depends on the country and the specialty. The medical degree itself usually takes five to six years, or four years after a first degree in the United States and Canada. A period of supervised practice and then specialty training follow, which usually take several more years. In total, training to work independently as a specialist often takes around ten years or more. **Can I study medicine if I already have a degree?** Yes. In the United States and Canada, medicine is normally studied only after a first degree. In the UK, Ireland and Australia, universities also offer graduate-entry programmes, which usually last four years. In many other countries, graduates can apply to the standard programme. Places for graduates are limited and competitive, and many programmes require an admissions test or science subjects in your first degree. **Is medicine a hard degree?** Yes, it is one of the most demanding degrees. You need to learn a large amount of science, pass frequent exams and develop practical skills on clinical placements, often with long days. It is also emotionally demanding, because you will meet patients who are very ill or dying. Good study habits, support from other students and a real interest in patient care help most students succeed. ## What can you do with a modern languages degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/modern-languages/ ISCED-F 2013: 0231 A modern languages degree teaches you to speak, write and understand one or more foreign languages to a high level, together with the culture, history and literature of the places where they are spoken. Graduates work as translators, language teachers, diplomats and journalists, and in international business, tourism and many other jobs where communicating across cultures matters. ### Careers with a modern languages degree Languages are useful in almost any career with international contact, so graduates work in a wide range of sectors. Some use their languages directly as translators, interpreters or language teachers. Others join the diplomatic service, international organisations or journalism, or work in tourism and hospitality, for example as hotel managers. Many graduates use their languages as an extra skill in business, marketing, law, logistics and technology, where people who can work across cultures are valued. - Translator: https://coursetojob.com/careers/translator/ - Language teacher: https://coursetojob.com/careers/language-teacher/ - Diplomat: https://coursetojob.com/careers/diplomat/ - Journalist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/journalist/ - Hotel manager: https://coursetojob.com/careers/hotel-manager/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK, a modern languages degree usually takes four years, including a year of study or work abroad. In much of Europe, bachelor's degrees in languages, sometimes called philology, take three to four years, and professional translation and interpreting are often studied at master's level. In the United States, you usually major in a language within a four-year degree, and in China, Japan and South Korea foreign language degrees also typically last four years. Some programmes accept complete beginners in a new language, while others expect you to speak it well already. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a modern languages degree?** Common jobs include translator, interpreter, language teacher, diplomat and journalist. Graduates also work in tourism and hotel management, international sales and marketing, logistics, publishing and international organisations. In many of these jobs, languages are one strong skill among others, so work experience and knowledge of a second area, such as business or law, can help. **Do I need to speak a language already to study it at university?** Not always. Many universities offer beginner routes, especially in languages that are less often taught at school, such as Arabic, Chinese, Japanese or Russian. For widely taught languages, programmes usually expect you to have studied the language before. Check the entry requirements for each language and university carefully. **Will machine translation replace language graduates?** Machine translation and AI tools are changing how translators work, and more routine translation is becoming automated. However, people are still needed to check quality, handle sensitive or creative texts, interpret in live situations and build relationships across cultures. Language graduates who also understand technology, a specialist subject or a particular market are in the strongest position. **Is a year abroad part of a languages degree?** In many countries, including the UK and much of Europe, a period abroad is a normal part of a languages degree. You might study at a partner university, work as a language assistant in a school or do an internship. In Europe, exchange programmes such as Erasmus+ support this. Programmes elsewhere may offer shorter exchanges instead. ## What can you do with a music degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/music/ ISCED-F 2013: 0215 A music degree develops your skills as a musician together with your understanding of how music is made, performed and studied. Depending on the programme, the focus may be performance, composition, musicology or music technology. Graduates become performers, composers and music teachers, and they also work in event management, writing, media and the wider creative industries. ### Careers with a music degree Music graduates follow many different paths, and many build careers that combine several kinds of work. Some perform, compose or produce music, often as freelancers. Many teach, either as secondary or primary teachers in schools or as private instrument and voice teachers. Others work behind the scenes as event managers, arts administrators or sound engineers, or become writers and critics. The discipline, creativity and teamwork that musicians develop are also valued outside music, for example in marketing, media and education. - Secondary school teacher: https://coursetojob.com/careers/secondary-teacher/ - Primary school teacher: https://coursetojob.com/careers/primary-teacher/ - Event manager: https://coursetojob.com/careers/event-manager/ - Writer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/writer/ ### How the degree differs around the world Music can be studied at a university, where programmes often include more academic study, or at a conservatoire or music academy, where the focus is on performance and composition. In the UK and much of Europe, a bachelor's degree usually takes three to four years. In the United States, it normally takes four years, and you can choose a Bachelor of Music, which focuses on performance, or a broader Bachelor of Arts with a music major. Entry to performance programmes usually depends on an audition, and many also test music theory. In many countries, teaching music in state schools also requires a teaching qualification. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a music degree?** Graduates work as performers, composers, music producers, sound engineers and private music teachers. Many become secondary or primary school teachers after a teaching qualification. Others work as event managers, arts administrators, writers or music journalists, or in marketing, media and education. Music careers often combine several jobs, especially in the early years. **Do you need to play an instrument to study music?** For most music degrees, yes. Performance and conservatoire programmes require an audition on an instrument or voice, and many university programmes expect a good standard of playing and some knowledge of music theory. Music technology and music business programmes may have different requirements, so check each course carefully. **Is a music degree worth it?** It depends on your goals. A music degree gives you intensive training, contacts and time to develop, which is valuable if you are committed to a career in music. However, many music jobs are freelance or part-time, and income can be uneven, especially at the start. Graduates who combine performing with teaching, technology or business skills often have more options. **What is the difference between a conservatoire and a university music degree?** A conservatoire, also called a music academy or conservatory, focuses on intensive training in performance or composition, with a lot of one-to-one teaching. A university music degree usually includes more academic study, such as music history, analysis and research, alongside practical work. Both can lead to professional careers, and the right choice depends on how much you want to focus on performance. ## What can you do with a nursing degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/nursing/ ISCED-F 2013: 0913 A nursing degree prepares you to care for patients and families in hospitals, clinics, homes and communities, combining health science with supervised practice on clinical placements. Most graduates become registered nurses, often specialising in areas such as adult, children's or mental health nursing. Nursing also leads to careers in midwifery, public health, teaching, research and health management. ### Careers with a nursing degree Most nursing graduates work as registered nurses in hospitals, community services, care homes, schools and clinics. With experience, they can specialise, for example in intensive care, emergency, cancer or mental health nursing, or move into advanced practice roles. Some nurses retrain as midwives or paramedics, and a few move into related health professions such as occupational therapy. Nursing experience is also valued in health management, teaching, research, public health and international health work. - Nurse: https://coursetojob.com/careers/nurse/ - Midwife: https://coursetojob.com/careers/midwife/ - Paramedic: https://coursetojob.com/careers/paramedic/ - Occupational therapist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/occupational-therapist/ ### How the degree differs around the world In many countries, including the UK, Australia, Canada and much of Europe, the usual route to becoming a registered nurse is a bachelor's degree of three to four years. In the UK, students choose a field, such as adult, children's or mental health nursing, from the start. In the United States, you can qualify through a two-year associate degree or a four-year Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN), and then pass a national licensing exam. In some countries, nurses still train through diploma programmes. All programmes combine study with long clinical placements, and graduates must register with the nursing regulator before they can work. Many countries offer shorter routes for people who already have a degree. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a nursing degree?** Most graduates become registered nurses in hospitals, community services, clinics, schools or care homes. With experience, you can specialise or become a nurse practitioner, nurse educator, manager or researcher. Some nurses retrain as midwives or paramedics, and others work in public health, occupational health, the armed forces or international aid organisations. **How long does it take to become a nurse?** In most countries, it takes three to four years to complete a nursing degree and qualify for registration. In the United States, you can also qualify through a two-year associate degree, although many employers prefer a bachelor's degree. If you already have a degree, some countries offer accelerated programmes that usually take one to two years. **Can nurses work in other countries?** Yes, but you usually need to register with the nursing regulator in the new country first. This often means having your qualifications checked, proving your language skills and sometimes passing an exam or completing a period of supervised practice. Nurses are needed in many countries, and some actively recruit from abroad, so check the rules in the country where you want to work. **Is nursing a hard degree?** Nursing is demanding because you combine academic study with long clinical placements, which often include shifts, nights and weekends. You need to learn a lot of science and pharmacology, and placements can be emotionally challenging. Most students find it manageable with good organisation and support, and placements help you see how your learning is used in real care. ## What can you do with a pharmacy degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/pharmacy/ ISCED-F 2013: 0916 A pharmacy degree teaches how medicines are discovered, made and used, and how to make sure patients use them safely and effectively. It combines chemistry, biology and pharmacology with practical training. Most graduates become pharmacists in community pharmacies or hospitals, while others work in the pharmaceutical industry, research or regulation, or as chemists and biomedical scientists. ### Careers with a pharmacy degree Most pharmacy graduates work as pharmacists, either in community pharmacies, where they advise the public and supply medicines, or in hospitals, where they work closely with medical teams. In some countries, pharmacists also prescribe medicines, give vaccinations or run clinics. Other graduates work in the pharmaceutical industry on drug development, manufacturing and quality control, or in research as chemists and biomedical scientists. Medicines regulators, universities and public health organisations also employ pharmacy graduates. - Pharmacist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/pharmacist/ - Chemist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/chemist/ - Biomedical scientist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/biomedical-scientist/ ### How the degree differs around the world In most countries, pharmacy is a professional degree that leads to registration as a pharmacist. In the UK, the Master of Pharmacy (MPharm) takes four years and is followed by a year of supervised training and a registration exam. In the United States, you need a Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD), a four-year programme usually taken after at least two years of university study, followed by licensing exams. In the European Union, programmes usually last five years, including practical training. In countries such as India, Australia and South Africa, a four-year Bachelor of Pharmacy is common. Most countries also require supervised practice or an exam before you can register. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a pharmacy degree?** Most graduates become pharmacists in community pharmacies, hospitals or health clinics. Others work in the pharmaceutical industry in research, manufacturing, quality assurance, regulatory affairs or medical information. Pharmacy graduates can also become chemists, biomedical scientists, university lecturers or advisers in government health agencies. **What is the difference between pharmacy and pharmaceutical science?** A pharmacy degree is a professional qualification that leads to registration as a pharmacist and includes clinical practice and patient care. A pharmaceutical science degree focuses on the science of discovering, developing and making medicines, and prepares you mainly for laboratory and industry work. A pharmaceutical science degree does not usually allow you to register as a pharmacist. **How long does it take to become a pharmacist?** It depends on the country. In the UK, it takes four years of study plus a year of supervised training. In the United States, it usually takes at least two years of university followed by a four-year Doctor of Pharmacy. In the European Union, programmes usually last five years, including practical training. Most countries also require a registration or licensing exam. **Is pharmacy a good career?** Pharmacy offers a clear professional route and work in healthcare, industry or research. The role is changing, and in many countries pharmacists now do more clinical work, such as prescribing, vaccinations and health checks. However, community pharmacy can involve long hours and heavy workloads, and job markets vary, so research the situation in the country where you plan to work. ## What can you do with a philosophy degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/philosophy/ ISCED-F 2013: 0223 A philosophy degree trains you to think clearly about difficult questions, such as what we can know, what is right and wrong, and how minds, language and societies work. You learn to build and test arguments and to write precisely. Graduates go into law, policy, journalism, writing, consulting and academic research, and the skills fit many other careers. ### Careers with a philosophy degree Philosophy does not train you for one specific job, but its skills in reasoning, writing and argument are useful in many. Some graduates train as lawyers, where the ability to analyse arguments is central. Others become policy officers in government and charities, journalists, writers, or management consultants who help organisations solve complex problems. A smaller number continue to postgraduate study and become university lecturers. Philosophy graduates also work in technology, for example on AI ethics, and in teaching, publishing and business. - Lawyer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/lawyer/ - Policy officer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/policy-officer/ - Writer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/writer/ - Journalist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/journalist/ - University lecturer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/university-lecturer/ - Management consultant: https://coursetojob.com/careers/management-consultant/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK and much of Europe, a philosophy bachelor's degree usually takes three or four years, and it is often combined with another subject such as politics, economics or theology. In the United States and Canada, philosophy is a common major within a four-year degree, and many students use it as preparation for law school. Programmes differ in focus: some emphasise logic and analytic philosophy, others European traditions, and some include Asian, African or Islamic philosophy. Philosophy has no professional accreditation, so the content of programmes varies widely. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a philosophy degree?** Philosophy graduates work as lawyers, policy officers, journalists, writers, management consultants and university lecturers. They are also found in the civil service, charities, publishing, teaching, marketing and technology, including roles in AI ethics. Because the degree is not linked to one job, building work experience while you study makes a big difference. **Is a philosophy degree useless?** No, but its value depends on how you use it. Philosophy builds strong skills in reasoning, writing and analysing problems, which employers in law, policy, consulting and many other sectors value. However, it does not lead directly to a specific job, so graduates usually need to explain their skills clearly to employers and gain relevant experience. **Is philosophy good preparation for law?** Yes. Philosophy trains you to analyse arguments, read difficult texts closely and write precisely, which are all central to legal work. In the United States and Canada, it is a common undergraduate major for people applying to law school. In countries where law is a first degree, philosophy graduates usually need a conversion course or a second degree in law. **Is philosophy a hard degree?** Philosophy is demanding in a different way from science subjects. There is a lot of difficult reading, and you are assessed mainly on the quality of your arguments in essays and exams. Logic modules can feel similar to mathematics. Students who enjoy discussion, read carefully and are willing to rewrite their work usually do well. ## What can you do with a physics degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/physics/ ISCED-F 2013: 0533 A physics degree explores the laws that govern the universe, from particles and atoms to materials, energy and stars, using mathematics, experiments and computer models. Some graduates become physicists and researchers, but their problem-solving and modelling skills are also in demand far beyond science, in data science, engineering, finance, healthcare and teaching. ### Careers with a physics degree Physics graduates work in research, technology, industry and finance. Some become physicists in universities, national laboratories or companies working on energy, materials, space or electronics. Many use their modelling and programming skills as data scientists, software developers or actuaries, or join engineering fields such as aerospace. Others train as secondary teachers, as physics teachers are needed in many countries. With further training, physics also leads into healthcare roles such as radiographer or medical physicist. - Physicist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/physicist/ - Data scientist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/data-scientist/ - Aerospace engineer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/aerospace-engineer/ - Radiographer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/radiographer/ - Secondary school teacher: https://coursetojob.com/careers/secondary-teacher/ - Actuary: https://coursetojob.com/careers/actuary/ ### How the degree differs around the world In much of Europe, a physics bachelor's degree takes three years, and many students add a one- or two-year master's. In the UK, many students take an integrated four-year master's degree, such as an MPhys or MSci, and in Scotland degrees usually take a year longer. In the United States, Canada and many Asian countries, physics is usually a four-year degree, and research careers generally need a PhD. Entry almost always requires strong mathematics and physics at school. In some countries, such as the UK and Ireland, programmes can be accredited by a national physics society. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a physics degree?** Physics graduates work as physicists, data scientists, software developers, engineers, actuaries and secondary school teachers. Others work in finance, energy, space, defence, telecommunications and healthcare, including roles such as radiographer or medical physicist after further training. Employers value physics graduates because they can solve complex problems and handle data. **Is physics a hard degree?** Yes, physics is usually seen as one of the more demanding degrees. It requires advanced mathematics, abstract thinking and a lot of problem solving, often every week. Most students find the first year a big step up from school. Working through problems regularly, joining study groups and asking for help early make a real difference. **Do you need a PhD to work in physics?** Not for most jobs that use a physics degree. Many graduates work in engineering, data, finance, teaching and technology with a bachelor's or master's degree. However, if you want to be a research physicist in a university or research laboratory, a PhD is usually required, and academic posts are competitive. **Is a physics degree good for data science?** Yes. Physics students learn statistics, programming and how to build models from real data, which are core skills in data science. Many physics graduates move into data science, machine learning and analytics roles, sometimes after a short course or master's degree to strengthen their programming and business knowledge. ## What can you do with a physiotherapy degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/physiotherapy/ ISCED-F 2013: 0915 A physiotherapy degree trains you to help people move, recover and manage pain after injury, illness or surgery, using exercise, hands-on treatment and advice. It combines anatomy, physiology and movement science with supervised clinical placements. Most graduates become registered physiotherapists in hospitals, clinics, sport or the community, and the degree also links to careers in rehabilitation, coaching and health promotion. ### Careers with a physiotherapy degree Most physiotherapy graduates work as registered physiotherapists. They treat patients in hospitals, private clinics, rehabilitation centres, care homes and people's own homes, and some work with sports teams or in workplaces. With experience, physiotherapists can specialise in areas such as sports injuries, children's health, neurology or the care of older people. Some graduates move into related fields, for example retraining as occupational therapists or working as sports coaches and strength and conditioning coaches. Others go into teaching, research or health management. - Physiotherapist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/physiotherapist/ - Occupational therapist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/occupational-therapist/ - Sports coach: https://coursetojob.com/careers/sports-coach/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK, Australia and many European countries, physiotherapy is a bachelor's degree of three to four years that leads to registration. In parts of Latin America, such as Brazil, it is usually a five-year first degree. In the United States, physical therapists need a Doctor of Physical Therapy (DPT), usually a three-year graduate programme after a bachelor's degree, and must pass a national exam before getting a state licence. In Canada, you qualify through a master's degree after a first degree. In the UK and Australia, graduates of related subjects can often qualify through a two-year master's. All programmes include many hours of supervised clinical practice. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a physiotherapy degree?** Most graduates work as physiotherapists in hospitals, private clinics, sports clubs, schools, care homes or community services. With experience, you can specialise or move into advanced practice, management, teaching or research. Some graduates work in related roles such as sports coach, strength and conditioning coach or rehabilitation specialist, or retrain as occupational therapists. **What is the difference between physiotherapy and physical therapy?** They are the same profession. Physiotherapy is the usual name in the UK, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and many other countries, while physical therapy is used in the United States and some other places. The training route differs, however: in the United States you need a graduate doctorate, while in many countries a bachelor's degree is enough to register. **Can I become a physiotherapist if I have a different degree?** Often, yes. In the United States and Canada, physiotherapy is only studied after a first degree. In the UK, Australia and some other countries, you can take an accelerated master's degree, usually lasting two years, if your first degree is in a related subject such as sports science or biology. Entry is competitive, and programmes usually ask for relevant work or volunteering experience. **Is physiotherapy a good career?** Physiotherapy is a regulated profession with work in many settings and chances to specialise. Demand is supported by ageing populations and more people living with long-term conditions. However, pay and working conditions differ a lot between countries and between public and private work, and the job can be physically tiring. Work experience and talking to physiotherapists are good ways to decide. ## What can you do with a politics degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/politics/ ISCED-F 2013: 0312 A politics degree, often called political science, studies how power works: how governments are chosen and run, how laws and policies are made, and why people and countries cooperate or come into conflict. Graduates work as policy officers, diplomats, journalists, lawyers, economists and public relations officers, and in charities, campaigning and international organisations. ### Careers with a politics degree Politics graduates work wherever decisions are made or influenced. Many join government as policy officers or civil servants, or work for elected representatives and political parties. Some become diplomats or work for international organisations. Others use their research and writing skills as journalists, public relations officers or campaigners for charities. With further study or training, politics also leads into law and economics. Graduates are also found in consulting, risk analysis, business and teaching. - Policy officer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/policy-officer/ - Diplomat: https://coursetojob.com/careers/diplomat/ - Journalist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/journalist/ - Economist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/economist/ - Lawyer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/lawyer/ - Public relations officer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/public-relations-officer/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK and much of Europe, a politics or political science bachelor's degree usually takes three years, and it is often combined with subjects such as economics, history or philosophy. In the United States and Canada, political science or government is a popular major within a four-year degree, and a common route to law school. In many countries, programmes cover both the national political system and international topics. Some universities teach politics with a strong focus on statistics and research methods, while others focus more on theory and history. Politics is not a licensed profession, so programmes are rarely accredited by a professional body. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a politics degree?** Common jobs include policy officer, civil servant, diplomat, journalist, public relations officer, political adviser and researcher. Politics graduates also work for charities, campaign groups, international organisations, consultancies and businesses. With further study, some become lawyers or economists. Work experience, such as internships with elected representatives or charities, is especially important in this field. **Is politics the same as political science?** Mostly, yes. Politics is the usual name in the UK and some other countries, while political science is more common in the United States, Canada and many other parts of the world. Some programmes called political science place more weight on statistics and research methods, while those called politics may include more political theory and history. Always check the modules. **Do you need a politics degree to work in politics?** No. People who work in government, political parties and campaigning come from many different subjects, including law, economics, history and sociology. A politics degree helps you understand institutions and debates, but employers usually value practical experience just as much, such as volunteering for a campaign, an internship or involvement in student politics. **Is a politics degree worth it?** It can be, especially if you are interested in government, policy, international affairs or the media. The degree builds strong research, writing and analytical skills that many employers value. However, it does not lead directly to one job, and many popular roles are competitive, so internships and a clear plan make a big difference to your prospects. ## What can you do with a psychology degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/psychology/ ISCED-F 2013: 0313 A psychology degree is the scientific study of the mind and behaviour: how people think, feel, learn, develop and relate to each other. It combines theory with experiments and statistics. Some graduates go on to postgraduate training to become psychologists, while many others use their understanding of people in human resources, marketing, social work, user experience design and health careers. ### Careers with a psychology degree Psychology graduates work in a very wide range of jobs. To become a clinical psychologist or another type of practising psychologist, you usually need several more years of postgraduate training. Many graduates use their knowledge of behaviour elsewhere, for example as human resources officers, marketing managers or user experience (UX) designers and researchers. Some train as social workers or speech and language therapists. The research and statistics skills from the degree are also useful in data analysis, market research, education and public policy. - Clinical psychologist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/clinical-psychologist/ - Human resources officer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/human-resources-officer/ - Social worker: https://coursetojob.com/careers/social-worker/ - UX/UI designer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/ux-ui-designer/ - Speech and language therapist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/speech-and-language-therapist/ - Marketing manager: https://coursetojob.com/careers/marketing-manager/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK and much of Europe, a psychology bachelor's degree usually takes three years, while in the United States, Canada and Australia it often takes three or four years. In these and many other countries, the bachelor's degree alone does not qualify you to practise as a psychologist. You usually need a master's degree or doctorate, supervised practice and registration or a licence. In the UK, the first step is normally a degree accredited by the British Psychological Society, and in the United States clinical psychologists usually need a doctorate. In some countries, such as Brazil and Argentina, psychology is a first degree of five years or more that can lead directly to registration. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a psychology degree?** With further training, you can become a clinical, counselling, educational or other type of psychologist. With a bachelor's degree, graduates work in human resources, marketing, market research, user experience (UX) design, social care, education, mental health support and public services. Some retrain as social workers, speech and language therapists, teachers or counsellors. **Can I become a psychologist with just a bachelor's degree?** In most countries, no. A bachelor's degree is usually the first step. To practise as a psychologist, you normally need a master's degree or doctorate, supervised practice and registration or a licence from a regulator. The exact route and the rules on who can use the title differ between countries, so check with the regulator or professional body where you want to work. **Is psychology a science?** Yes. Psychology is studied as a science in most universities. You learn to design experiments, collect data and use statistics to test ideas about behaviour and the mind. Some programmes lead to a Bachelor of Science and others to a Bachelor of Arts, but most include a large amount of research methods and statistics. **Is psychology a hard degree?** It can be harder than people expect, mainly because of the statistics, research methods and scientific writing. The amount of reading is also high. However, you do not need advanced mathematics, and most programmes teach statistics from the beginning. Students who keep up with practical work and ask for help early usually manage well. ## What can you do with a social work degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/social-work/ ISCED-F 2013: 0923 A social work degree prepares you to support children, families and adults facing difficulties such as abuse, poverty, disability, mental illness or addiction. It combines social science, law and policy with supervised placements in real services. Most graduates become social workers, and the skills also lead to work in community services, mental health, youth work, policing and early years education. ### Careers with a social work degree Most social work graduates become social workers. They may work with children and families, older people, people with disabilities, or people with mental health or addiction problems, in local government, health services, charities and courts. The degree also prepares you for related careers, such as youth work, community development, probation and advice work. Some graduates move into policing or early years teaching, or, after further study, into counselling or clinical psychology. Experienced social workers can progress into management, training and policy. - Social worker: https://coursetojob.com/careers/social-worker/ - Clinical psychologist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/clinical-psychologist/ - Police officer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/police-officer/ - Early years teacher: https://coursetojob.com/careers/early-years-teacher/ ### How the degree differs around the world In many countries, including the UK, Australia and much of Europe, a three- or four-year bachelor's degree in social work leads to professional registration or recognition. In the United States and Canada, a Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) allows entry-level practice, but many roles, especially clinical work, require a Master of Social Work (MSW) and a state or provincial licence. Graduates of other subjects can often qualify through a master's degree, which usually takes two years. All approved programmes include long supervised placements. Social worker is a protected title in many countries, so check with the national regulator. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a social work degree?** Most graduates work as social workers with children and families, adults, older people or people with mental health problems. Other jobs include youth worker, probation officer, family support worker, community development worker and advice worker. Some graduates move into policing, early years education, counselling or, after further study, clinical psychology. **Is social work a good career?** Social work can be very meaningful, and qualified social workers are needed in many countries. However, the job is emotionally demanding, caseloads can be heavy, and it often involves difficult decisions and public criticism. Good supervision, a supportive team and clear boundaries help social workers stay in the profession and progress. **Can I become a social worker with a different degree?** Yes, in many countries. Graduates of subjects such as psychology, sociology or criminology can usually take a master's degree in social work, often lasting two years. In the United States and Canada, a Master of Social Work is a common route for career changers. Paid or volunteer experience in care, youth work or support services will strengthen your application. **Do social workers need a licence?** In many countries, yes. Social worker is often a protected title, and you must complete an approved degree and register with a regulator before you can practise. In the United States, licensing is managed by each state, and the rules differ for different levels of practice. Requirements vary widely between countries, so check with the national regulator or professional body. ## What can you do with a sociology degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/sociology/ ISCED-F 2013: 0314 A sociology degree studies how societies work: how groups, institutions and cultures shape people's lives, and why inequality, crime, migration and social change happen. You learn to research social questions using interviews, surveys and data. Graduates work as policy officers, social workers, human resources officers, data analysts, journalists and police officers, and in charities, research and public services. ### Careers with a sociology degree Sociology prepares you for work that involves understanding people and society. Graduates become policy officers in government and charities, human resources officers and police officers, and social workers after further training. Those who develop strong data skills work as data analysts or social researchers, and good writers go into journalism and communications. Sociology graduates also work in education, housing, community development, market research and international development, where understanding how communities work is essential. - Policy officer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/policy-officer/ - Social worker: https://coursetojob.com/careers/social-worker/ - Human resources officer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/human-resources-officer/ - Data analyst: https://coursetojob.com/careers/data-analyst/ - Journalist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/journalist/ - Police officer: https://coursetojob.com/careers/police-officer/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK and much of Europe, a sociology bachelor's degree usually takes three years, and it is often combined with subjects such as criminology, politics or social policy. In the United States, Canada and many Asian countries, sociology is usually a major within a four-year degree. Programmes vary in how much statistics and data analysis they include, and some place more weight on social theory. Sociology is not a licensed profession in most countries, but related careers such as social work and teaching need an approved professional qualification. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a sociology degree?** Sociology graduates work as policy officers, social researchers, human resources officers, data analysts, journalists and police officers. With further training, they can become social workers, teachers or probation officers. Others work in charities, housing, community development, market research and international development. Strong research and data skills widen your options. **What is the difference between sociology and psychology?** Psychology studies individual minds and behaviour, often through experiments. Sociology studies groups, institutions and whole societies, and how they shape people's lives, using surveys, interviews and data. The subjects overlap in areas such as social psychology, and many students take modules in both. Psychology is also the route to becoming a psychologist, while sociology is not. **Is sociology a useful degree?** Yes, especially if you build practical skills alongside it. Sociology teaches research methods, data analysis and critical thinking, which are useful in public services, policy, research, human resources and the media. Because it does not lead to one specific job, work experience and a clear idea of the area you want to work in will help you most. **Is sociology a hard degree?** Sociology involves a lot of reading and writing, and some theory can feel abstract and difficult at first. Most programmes also include statistics and research methods, which some students find challenging. You do not usually need advanced mathematics, and students who read widely and keep up with assignments usually do well. ## What can you do with a sports science degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/sports-science/ ISCED-F 2013: 1014 A sports science degree studies how the body performs and responds to exercise, and how psychology, nutrition and coaching affect performance and health. It combines laboratory work with practical sessions. Graduates become sports coaches, fitness and conditioning specialists and physical education teachers, and with further training they can become physiotherapists, dietitians or paramedics. ### Careers with a sports science degree Sports science graduates work in sport, fitness, health and education. Some become sports coaches, strength and conditioning coaches or performance analysts with clubs, schools and sports organisations. Many train as physical education teachers in secondary schools. Others use the degree as a starting point for health professions, taking further study to become physiotherapists, dietitians or paramedics. There are also roles in health promotion, sports development and research. Jobs in elite sport are few and competitive, so many graduates build careers in community sport and health. - Sports coach: https://coursetojob.com/careers/sports-coach/ - Physiotherapist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/physiotherapist/ - Dietitian: https://coursetojob.com/careers/dietitian/ - Secondary school teacher: https://coursetojob.com/careers/secondary-teacher/ - Paramedic: https://coursetojob.com/careers/paramedic/ ### How the degree differs around the world This subject has different names around the world, including sport and exercise science, kinesiology and human movement science. In the UK and much of Europe, a bachelor's degree usually takes three years, while in the United States, Canada and some other countries it usually takes four years. Some programmes focus on laboratory science, others on coaching, physical education or health. The degree is not usually a licensed qualification on its own, although some programmes are accredited by professional bodies. Routes into teaching, physiotherapy or clinical exercise work need further approved training. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a sports science degree?** Graduates work as sports coaches, strength and conditioning coaches, performance analysts, personal trainers, sports development officers and physical education teachers. With further study, many move into health careers such as physiotherapist, dietitian or paramedic. Others work in health promotion, fitness management, sports media or research. **Can I become a physiotherapist with a sports science degree?** Yes, but not directly, because sports science does not qualify you to register as a physiotherapist. In countries such as the UK and Australia, you can take an accelerated master's in physiotherapy after a sports science degree. In the United States and Canada, physiotherapy is only taught after a first degree, and sports science or kinesiology is a common preparation. **Is sports science a good degree?** It can be, especially if you plan your next steps. The degree teaches useful science, data and coaching skills, and there is growing interest in exercise for health. However, jobs in professional sport are limited, and many graduates need further qualifications or experience to reach their chosen career. Coaching, volunteering and work placements during the degree make a big difference. **What is the difference between sports science and kinesiology?** They are closely related. Kinesiology is the usual name in the United States and Canada for the study of human movement, while sports science or sport and exercise science is more common in the UK, Europe and Australia. Both cover physiology, biomechanics and the psychology of movement, although kinesiology programmes often include more on health and rehabilitation. ## What can you do with a veterinary science degree? URL: https://coursetojob.com/subjects/veterinary-science/ ISCED-F 2013: 0841 A veterinary science degree trains you to diagnose, treat and prevent disease in animals, from pets and farm animals to horses and wildlife. It is a long professional degree that combines animal biology with extensive clinical training. Most graduates become veterinarians after registering with a regulator, while others work in research, public health, food safety and agriculture. ### Careers with a veterinary science degree Most veterinary science graduates work as veterinarians in practices that treat pets, farm animals, horses or a mix of these. Others work in animal hospitals, zoos, wildlife conservation or animal charities. Veterinarians also play an important role in public health, working for governments on disease control, meat inspection and food safety. Some graduates move into research as biologists, or work in agriculture and food production alongside agronomists and farmers. The pharmaceutical and animal health industries also employ vets. - Veterinarian: https://coursetojob.com/careers/veterinarian/ - Biologist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/biologist/ - Agronomist: https://coursetojob.com/careers/agronomist/ ### How the degree differs around the world In the UK, most of Europe, Australia and many other countries, veterinary science is a first degree that you can start after school, and it usually takes five to six years. In the United States and Canada, you normally complete at least two to three years of university, and often a full bachelor's degree, before a four-year Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) programme. Some countries also offer graduate-entry courses. After graduating, vets must register with the national or state regulator, and in some countries they must also pass a licensing exam. Places are limited and entry is highly competitive in most countries. ### Frequently asked questions **What jobs can you get with a veterinary science degree?** Most graduates become veterinarians in practices treating pets, farm animals, horses or exotic animals. Others work in government services on disease control and food safety, in research, zoos and wildlife conservation, animal welfare charities, the armed forces, or the pharmaceutical and animal health industries. Some move into biology, agriculture or university teaching. **How long does it take to become a vet?** In the UK, Europe, Australia and many other countries, the degree usually takes five to six years straight after school. In the United States and Canada, you usually need several years of university study first and then a four-year DVM programme, so the full route often takes around eight years. Becoming a specialist takes several more years of training. **Is veterinary science hard to get into?** Yes. In most countries there are few veterinary schools and many applicants, so entry is highly competitive. Universities usually ask for top grades in chemistry and biology, and many expect practical experience with animals, such as work in a veterinary practice or on a farm. Some also use interviews or admissions tests. **Can vets work in other countries?** Often, yes, but you must register with the veterinary regulator in the country where you want to work. Some countries recognise each other's degrees, for example within the European Union, while others require an exam or extra assessment. Degrees with international accreditation can make moving easier, so check the rules before you choose where to study. ## How to choose a degree: a step-by-step guide URL: https://coursetojob.com/guides/how-to-choose-a-degree/ Choose a degree by starting with what you enjoy and do well, then working backwards from a few careers that interest you to see which subjects lead there. For regulated careers such as nursing or medicine, the subject is fixed. For many other careers, employers care more about your skills and experience than the exact subject. Then compare specific programmes on content, entry requirements, recognition, cost and graduate outcomes before you apply. ### Does your degree subject decide your career? Only partly. Careers fall into three broad groups, depending on how closely they are tied to a degree subject. The same career can sit in different groups in different countries. In accountancy, for example, employers in some countries recruit graduates of any subject, while in others an accounting degree is the usual route and accredited degrees often give exemptions from some professional exams. Knowing which group your possible careers belong to shows how much your subject choice really limits you: - Subject required: regulated careers such as doctor, nurse, pharmacist and architect need a specific accredited degree in almost every country. - Subject preferred: careers such as software developer or engineer usually recruit from related subjects, but strong candidates from nearby fields can often get in. - Any subject: many roles in management, sales, public administration and marketing, and many graduate training programmes, accept graduates of any discipline. ### Start with what you enjoy and do well You are more likely to finish a degree, get good results and stay motivated if the subject genuinely interests you. Three or four years is a long time to study something you dislike, and weak results can close more doors than a subject with a less obvious career path. UNESCO's international classification of fields of education groups subjects into broad fields: education; arts and humanities; social sciences, journalism and information; business, administration and law; natural sciences, mathematics and statistics; information and communication technologies; engineering, manufacturing and construction; agriculture, forestry, fisheries and veterinary; health and welfare; and services. Looking through these fields can remind you of subjects you had not considered, such as pharmacology, agriculture or urban planning. Ask yourself these questions, then test your interest before you commit: - Which school subjects do you enjoy even when they are difficult? - Do you prefer working with people, ideas, data, living things or physical objects? - What matters most to you in work: helping others, security, creativity, pay, independence or travel? - Read the module descriptions and first-year reading list for a subject you are considering. - Try a free online course or recorded university lectures in the subject. - Talk to current students and recent graduates about what the course is really like. ### Work backwards from careers that interest you Pick three to five careers you could imagine doing, even if you are unsure. For each one, find out which subjects people usually study, whether a licence is needed and what the first job looks like. The career pages on this site show typical degrees, routes and official pay data for each job. Check the rules in the country where you expect to work, not only where you will study. A degree that qualifies you as a teacher or nurse in one country may need extra steps in another. You will often find that one subject leads to several careers, and that one career can be reached from several subjects. Some examples: - Nurse: in most countries you need a nursing degree or diploma approved by the national regulator, so the key decision is made at the start. - Secondary teacher: you usually study the subject you want to teach, such as biology or mathematics, then take a teaching qualification, or you take a combined education degree. - Software developer: computer science is the most direct subject, but mathematics, physics and engineering graduates are also hired. - A psychology degree: working as a psychologist needs postgraduate study, but many psychology graduates use their skills in human resources, marketing, research and social care. - A biology degree: many research and laboratory jobs expect a master's or PhD, while graduates also move into teaching, healthcare and environmental work. - A business management degree: flexible for commercial careers, but because many people study it, work experience is what makes you stand out. ### What if you do not know what career you want? Many students are unsure, and that is normal. Choose a subject you enjoy that also builds skills valued across many sectors, such as analysis, writing, working with data and solving problems. It is often easier to move from a quantitative subject, such as mathematics or economics, into a less quantitative field than the other way round. Some education systems give you time to decide. In the United States and Canada, many students take a wide range of courses before choosing a major, often by the end of their second year. Scotland and Hong Kong have four-year bachelor's degrees that allow some breadth, and liberal arts programmes exist in many countries. Joint degrees, majors and minors also let you combine two subjects. In many other systems, including much of Europe, Latin America and Asia, you apply directly to one programme, and changing later is harder. Where entry depends on a national exam, such as the gaokao in China, ENEM in Brazil or the national entrance exams in India, your score may decide which subjects are open to you. Plan your options before results arrive. If you later feel you chose the wrong subject, conversion master's degrees and graduate-entry programmes still let you change direction. ### How to compare degree programmes Two degrees with the same name can be very different. Once you have a shortlist of subjects, compare specific programmes using official university and government information rather than advertising. University rankings mainly measure research and reputation. They say little about the teaching you will receive or the jobs graduates get, so treat them as one factor among many. For each programme on your shortlist, check these points: - Content: read the compulsory and optional modules for every year, not just the course title. - Teaching and assessment: check the balance of lectures, practical work, projects and exams. - Work experience: look for internships, placements, a year in industry or clinical practice. - Accreditation: in fields such as engineering, accounting, psychology and nursing, check that a professional body accredits the programme. - Recognition: make sure the institution is recognised by the education ministry or quality agency in its country, especially for private and online providers. - Graduate outcomes: look for official data on employment and earnings, where your country publishes it. - Entry requirements: check required school subjects, grades, entrance exams and language tests. - Total cost: tuition, living costs, travel and the number of years before you start earning. - Length and language: compare how long the programme takes and the language it is taught in. ### Should you choose a degree for the salary? Pay matters, and it is sensible to check it. Official data in several countries shows that average earnings differ between subjects, with medicine, economics, engineering and computing often near the top. But averages hide large differences within each subject, and strong results and experience matter for the best jobs in any field. Think about the whole route, not only the final salary. Medicine usually takes five to six years of study plus further training, and competition for places is intense. Some well-paid careers need postgraduate study or years of professional exams. Labour markets also differ: a subject in high demand in one country may have many unemployed graduates in another. Our guide to the highest-paying degrees and careers explains how to read pay data carefully. ### Common mistakes to avoid Most regrets about choosing a degree come from a few avoidable mistakes: - Choosing a subject only for its prestige, or because friends are taking it. - Letting family decide for you. Parents help most by asking good questions and supporting research, not by choosing. - Assuming a subject leads to only one job, or that a general subject leads nowhere. - Ignoring mathematics requirements, which are common in economics, psychology, the sciences and computing. - Forgetting to check licensing rules in the country where you want to work. - Enrolling with a provider that is not properly recognised. - Not finding out what the job is like day to day, including shift work, travel or long hours. ## Is university worth it? Earnings, jobs and costs compared URL: https://coursetojob.com/guides/is-university-worth-it/ For most people, a university degree still pays off over a working life. In most countries with official data, employees with tertiary education earn more than average, and in many countries they are less likely to be unemployed. But the return is not guaranteed. It depends on your subject, the institution, the country, how much you pay and whether you finish. For some careers a degree is essential; for others, an apprenticeship or vocational route can be just as good. ### Do graduates earn more than people without a degree? In most countries, yes. Employees with tertiary education, which includes university degrees and shorter higher-education diplomas, usually earn more than the average employee. The gap is often wider in countries where fewer adults have a degree, and narrower where many people go to university and wages are more equal. Read these averages with care. They compare tertiary-educated employees with all employees, so they do not show what you personally would earn with or without a degree. Part of the gap comes from who goes to university, not only from the degree itself. The figures also cover employees only, not self-employed people, who make up a large part of the workforce in many countries. The table below shows how much more employees with tertiary education earn than all employees in a selection of countries, using official data from the International Labour Organization (ILO). ### Are graduates less likely to be unemployed? In many high-income countries, adults with tertiary education have lower unemployment rates than average, and they are often less affected when the economy slows down. The pattern is not the same everywhere. In some lower- and middle-income countries, graduates can have higher unemployment rates than people with less education. People with little education often cannot afford to stay unemployed, so they take any work available, often in the informal economy. Graduates may wait longer for a formal job that matches their qualification, and in some places there are more graduates than skilled jobs. If graduate unemployment is high where you live, your choice of subject, practical experience during your studies and job-search skills matter even more. Unemployment figures also miss underemployment: graduates who have a job, but one that does not need a degree. This is a concern in many countries, especially in the first years after graduation. The table below compares unemployment rates for adults with tertiary education and for adults at all education levels. ### What does a degree really cost? The full cost of a degree is more than tuition. Grants, scholarships and fee waivers can reduce it a lot, so check what is available from your government, the university and charitable organisations before you rule a degree out. How you pay also matters. In countries such as Australia and England, government student loans are repaid through the tax system only when your income is above a set level, so they work differently from ordinary bank loans. Private loans with fixed monthly repayments carry more risk if your income turns out lower than expected. Not finishing is the most expensive outcome, because you pay the costs without getting the qualification. Choosing a subject you are motivated by, and checking the academic and personal support a university offers, reduces that risk. When you add up the full cost, include all of these: - Tuition fees, which range from free or very low at public universities in some countries, such as Germany, Norway and Argentina for local students, to high in others, such as the United States and England. - Living costs, including accommodation, food, transport and study materials, which can be higher than the fees. - Lost earnings: the income you could have earned by working during your years of study. - Interest and repayments on any loans. - Extra years if you repeat a year, change course or need postgraduate study for your career. ### Which degrees pay off most? Returns vary a lot by subject and institution. Official data from several countries shows that medicine, dentistry, economics, mathematics, computer science and engineering tend to lead to strong earnings. Some creative and arts subjects have lower average earnings, although successful graduates in those fields can do very well. The institution matters too, mainly through the quality of teaching, links with employers and support to help you finish, not only through its name. A well-taught programme with strong work placements at a less famous university can lead to better outcomes than a poorly matched programme at a prestigious one. Degrees that lead to regulated professions give a clear route but take a long time. Becoming a doctor means a medical degree that typically takes five to six years, or a graduate-entry programme in countries such as the United States, followed by years of supervised training. Becoming a lawyer usually requires a law degree or conversion course, then professional training and exams. The rewards can be high, but so are the time and competition involved. Some well-paid fields do not strictly require a degree. Many software developers studied computer science, but employers also hire people who can prove their skills through projects. In fields like this, a degree still helps with graduate programmes, promotion and work visas, but it is not the only way in. Subjects such as economics and computer science also keep many career options open. ### When might university not be the best choice? A degree is not the right investment for everyone, or at every point in life. Our guide to alternatives to university explains apprenticeships, vocational colleges and other routes in more detail. It may be worth considering other routes if: - The career you want is usually entered through training on the job or an apprenticeship, as with many skilled trades. - Your country has a strong apprenticeship system, as in Germany, Switzerland and Austria, where apprentices train with an employer and at a vocational school for two to four years. - You are not motivated to study now and would rather work first. Many people start a degree later with clearer goals. - The costs and debt would be high compared with the likely earnings in the jobs you want. - A shorter qualification, such as a two-year diploma or associate degree, would get you into the same job. ### How to decide if a degree is worth it for you Instead of asking whether university is worth it in general, ask whether a specific degree is worth it for you. Degrees also affect mobility. Many skilled-worker visa systems require a degree or award extra points for one, and regulated careers are usually open only to graduates. If you might want to work in another country, this can be a strong reason to get a recognised degree. Education also has benefits that are harder to measure. Data from many countries links tertiary education with better health, higher trust in others and more involvement in community life, although it is difficult to separate the effect of the degree from other advantages graduates may have. With all of this in mind, work through these steps: - Name two or three careers you are aiming for. - Check whether each career requires a degree, prefers one or accepts other routes. - Estimate the full cost, including living costs and lost earnings, and look for grants, scholarships and fee waivers. - Look at official graduate outcome data for the subject and, where available, the institution. - Be honest about whether you are likely to finish, and what support you would need. - Compare the degree with at least one alternative route into the same career. - Consider benefits beyond pay, such as knowledge, networks, confidence and options to work abroad. ## Highest-paying degrees and careers: what the official data shows URL: https://coursetojob.com/guides/highest-paying-degrees-and-careers/ The best-paid careers usually combine long, demanding training with scarce skills or high responsibility. Doctors, dentists, lawyers, actuaries, software developers and some scientists and economists are often near the top. Degrees in medicine, economics, mathematics and computer science tend to lead to the highest graduate earnings. But pay depends heavily on the country, employer, specialism and experience, and high pay often comes with long training, tough competition or demanding hours. ### Which careers pay the most? Across many countries, a similar group of careers appears near the top of official pay data. It includes doctors and dentists, lawyers, actuaries, senior managers, software developers, and scientists and economists in specialist roles. These careers share a few features. Entry is limited by long training, licensing or rare skills. The work carries responsibility for people's health, large sums of money or important systems. And the skills are valuable to many employers, so people can move between organisations. An actuary, for example, needs strong mathematics and several years of professional exams, a physicist usually needs a PhD for research roles, and many economist jobs ask for a master's degree or higher. Technology is a partial exception to the licensing pattern. Software development is open to anyone with the right skills, yet it pays well in many countries because demand for good developers comes from almost every sector of the economy. The table below lists the careers on this site with the highest median pay in the United States, from official Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data. Pay in the United States is higher than in most countries, so use the table to compare careers with each other rather than to predict your own salary elsewhere. ### Which degree subjects lead to the highest earnings? Subjects that lead directly into well-paid professions, or that teach advanced quantitative skills, usually show the highest graduate earnings. Medicine and dentistry lead into licensed health careers. Economics, mathematics and computer science build skills that employers in finance, technology, consulting and government value highly. Engineering and some physical sciences also tend to do well. Subject is only one factor. Graduate earnings are also shaped by the university attended, school results before entry, the region where graduates work, the sector they choose and whether they work full-time. A subject near the top of a ranking like this is not a guarantee, and one lower down is not a dead end. Postgraduate study adds to earnings in some fields more than others. Specialist roles for economists, data scientists and physicists often ask for a master's degree or PhD, while in business and technology, experience usually counts for more than a second degree. The table below shows the UK subjects with the highest median earnings five years after graduation, from the Department for Education's Longitudinal Education Outcomes (LEO) data, which links education records with tax records. The UK is used because it publishes detailed official data of this kind; some other countries publish similar figures from graduate surveys. ### Which types of jobs pay most around the world? To compare countries, statisticians group jobs using the International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO), maintained by the International Labour Organization (ILO). Its major groups range from managers and professionals to technicians, clerical and sales workers, skilled trades, machine operators and elementary occupations. The professionals group includes doctors, engineers, teachers, lawyers and software developers. Technicians and associate professionals include roles such as IT support technicians and paralegals, many of which can be entered with a diploma or vocational training rather than a degree. In most countries, managers and professionals earn more than other groups, and most jobs that need a degree belong to these two groups. The size of the gap varies. In some countries, skilled technical and trade jobs pay close to professional salaries; in others, the difference is large. The table below compares median earnings for the main ISCO occupation groups across several countries, using official ILO data. ### Why does the same job pay differently in different countries? A doctor, engineer or software developer can earn very different amounts depending on the country. When you compare countries, compare each job with the typical income in that country rather than comparing raw salaries. A career that is well paid compared with local incomes may be a better choice than one with a higher salary in a much more expensive place. Several factors explain the differences: - Average income: pay in every job tends to follow the general income level of the country. - Cost of living: higher salaries in expensive cities are partly used up by rent and other costs. - Employer: in many countries, doctors, teachers and engineers in the public sector are paid on national pay scales, while private-sector pay depends more on the market. - Supply of graduates: where many people train in a field, starting pay can be lower. - Taxes and benefits: take-home pay, pensions, health cover and holidays differ widely. - Currency: exchange rates change, so comparisons in a single currency can mislead. ### What are the trade-offs behind high pay? High average pay usually comes with costs that are easy to overlook. This does not mean you should avoid well-paid careers, but you should choose them because the work suits you, as well as for the pay. Before you choose a career for its salary, look at: - Length of training: doctors typically study for five to six years, then spend several more years in supervised and specialist training. - Competition: places in medicine and dentistry, and entry-level jobs in the best-paid law firms, are highly competitive in many countries. - Exams while working: actuaries and accountants often take professional exams over several years while working full-time. - Hours and stress: many top-paid roles involve long hours, night shifts or high-pressure deadlines. - Mobility: licensed careers can be harder to move between countries, because each country sets its own rules. - Pay spread: the typical salary is lower than the headline salaries in the media, and early-career pay can be modest. ### Are there well-paid careers people overlook? The best-known high earners, such as doctors and lawyers, attract large numbers of applicants. Some other well-paid careers are less familiar to school leavers but use similar skills. Pay for these careers varies by country and employer, so check official data for the place where you want to work. Depending on your strengths, careers worth researching include: - If you are strong in mathematics: actuary, statistician or data scientist. - If you like science and engineering: chemical engineer, electrical engineer or geologist. - If you like technology: cybersecurity specialist, network engineer or database administrator. - If you are interested in construction and business: quantity surveyor or construction manager. ### How to use pay data when choosing a degree Pay data is a useful guide if you read it carefully. Each career page on this site includes official pay data where it is available, alongside the degrees and skills you need. Keep these points in mind when you compare figures: - Use official sources, such as national statistics offices, the ILO and government graduate outcome data, rather than job adverts or social media. - Look at medians, which show the middle earner, rather than averages that a few very high earners can pull up. - Compare early-career and mid-career earnings, because some fields start slowly and grow later. - Look at the whole career: the highest pay in most professions comes after many years of experience, not in the first job. - Check data for the country where you expect to work. - Consider your chances of getting in, as well as the pay once you are in. - Remember that pay data describes the past. Demand for skills changes, and AI and automation are already changing some well-paid jobs. ## How to study abroad: a step-by-step guide for international students URL: https://coursetojob.com/guides/study-abroad/ To study abroad, start planning 12 to 18 months before your course begins. Choose a country and programme that fit your budget, language and career plans, check entry and language requirements, arrange funding, apply, then get a student visa. Before you enrol, check that the degree will be recognised where you want to work. The best destination is the one that suits your goals and budget, not simply the one with the most famous universities. ### Is studying abroad right for you? Studying abroad can give you access to programmes that are not available at home, fluency in another language, an international network and, in some countries, the right to work after graduating. International experience is especially useful for careers such as diplomat, translator and hotel manager, and for students of international relations, modern languages and business management. It also has real costs and risks. International students often pay higher fees than local students, and living costs, travel and visa charges add up. You will be far from family support, you may face a new language and culture, and visa rules can change while you study. A clear reason for going makes these challenges easier to manage. Compare your own reasons with these examples: - Strong reasons: a programme or specialism your country does not offer, a language you want to master, or a career that needs international experience. - Weaker reasons: following friends, choosing a country only for its image, or assuming that any foreign degree will impress employers at home. ### When should you start planning? Most students need 12 to 18 months from first research to arrival. Deadlines vary widely by country and programme, and some close almost a year before the course starts. Australia, New Zealand and some Asian countries have more than one intake a year, while most programmes in Europe and North America start once a year. Scholarship deadlines are often earlier than admission deadlines. A typical timeline, counting back from your start date, looks like this: - 18 to 12 months before: research countries, programmes, costs and scholarships. - 12 to 9 months before: take any required language tests or entrance exams, and start gathering documents. - 9 to 6 months before: submit university and scholarship applications. - 6 to 3 months before: accept an offer, confirm your funding and apply for a student visa. - The last three months: arrange accommodation, health insurance, travel and access to money. ### How to choose a country and programme Compare destinations on the factors that will affect your daily life and your career, not only on rankings. Start with language and cost. Universities in many countries where English is not the main language, such as the Netherlands, Germany, Malaysia and South Korea, teach some programmes in English, but you may still need the local language for part-time work and daily life. Add up tuition for international students, living costs and the cost of travelling home, and check which scholarships are open to students from your country. Next, look at work and recognition. Check whether students may work part-time, and whether graduates can stay to look for work. Several countries, including Canada, Australia, the UK and New Zealand, offer post-study work visas, but the rules change often. Find out whether employers and authorities in your home country, or wherever you want to work, recognise degrees from that country. Also consider support services for international students, safety and your own wellbeing. Look beyond the most famous destinations. Countries such as Malaysia, the United Arab Emirates, Türkiye, Japan and China attract large numbers of international students, and regional hubs, such as South Africa for many students from southern Africa, can mean lower costs and shorter journeys home. The country pages below explain how higher education works in some of the most popular study destinations. ### What do you need to apply? Requirements depend on the country and the level of study. If your school qualification is not accepted for direct entry, you may need a preparatory year first. Germany, for example, asks some international applicants to complete a preparatory course before starting a degree, and many universities in the UK and Australia offer foundation programmes. Using an education agent is optional. Some agents give good help, but many are paid commission by universities, so check that their advice is independent. Never pay anyone who promises guaranteed admission or a guaranteed visa. Most applications ask for the following documents. Start collecting them early, because official copies and translations take time: - Your school-leaving certificate or previous degree, with full academic transcripts. - Certified translations of any documents that are not in the university's language. - Proof of language ability, usually an approved test result, unless you studied in that language. - Entrance exam or admissions test results, where the programme requires them. - A personal statement or motivation letter explaining why you chose the programme. - References from teachers or employers. - A portfolio or interview for creative subjects and some professional programmes. - A valid passport. ### How can you pay for studying abroad? Plan your funding before you accept an offer. Many countries ask student visa applicants to prove they can pay tuition and living costs for at least the first year. Studying in a country with low or no tuition at public universities, such as Germany, can reduce costs, but you still need to pay living costs, and some countries charge higher fees to students from outside their region. Common sources of funding for international students include: - Government scholarships, such as Erasmus Mundus in the European Union, MEXT scholarships in Japan, Türkiye Scholarships, the Global Korea Scholarship, Chevening in the UK and Australia Awards. - University scholarships and fee waivers, often based on academic results or country of origin. - Scholarships from your own government, which may require you to return and work at home after graduating. - Family savings and, where available, education loans. Check interest rates, currency risk and repayment terms carefully. - Part-time work, which can help with living costs but is usually limited during term time and should not be your main source of funding. ### How to get a student visa and prepare to leave Apply for your student visa as soon as you have an offer and the documents the immigration authority asks for. Processing can take from a few weeks to several months, depending on the country and the time of year. Use this checklist to prepare for your visa and your move: - Use only the official government immigration website for forms, fees and appointments. - Prepare proof of admission, funds, accommodation and health insurance and, in some countries, a medical check. - Read the conditions of your visa, including limits on work and rules on attendance. - Keep copies of all documents, both digital and on paper. - Arrange health insurance, a way to access money and your accommodation for the first weeks. - Watch for scams, such as fake offer letters, fake visa services and landlords who ask for payment before you have seen a contract. ### Will your foreign degree be recognised at home? Check this before you enrol, not after you graduate. A degree from a properly recognised university in one country can usually be recognised in others, but the process differs by country and by purpose. The UNESCO Global Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications concerning Higher Education, which entered into force in 2023, and regional recognition conventions aim to make recognition fairer and more transparent. Our guide to degree recognition abroad explains the process step by step. Before you accept a place, take these steps: - Confirm that the university is recognised by the education authorities in its own country. - Ask the recognition centre in your home country whether it recognises degrees from that country and type of programme. In Europe and some other countries, these centres belong to the ENIC-NARIC network. - If you plan a regulated career, such as medicine, nursing, law or teaching, check with the regulator at home, as you may need extra exams or training. - Be careful with branch campuses, franchised programmes and online degrees, which some countries treat differently from standard degrees. ## Will my degree be recognised abroad? How recognition works URL: https://coursetojob.com/guides/degree-recognition-abroad/ Whether your degree is recognised abroad depends on what you need it for. For further study or most jobs, an official statement of comparability or a credential evaluation is usually enough. For regulated professions such as medicine, nursing, engineering, law and teaching, you need approval from the regulator in the new country, which can involve exams, supervised practice or extra study. Start early, keep full records of your studies and use official recognition bodies. ### What does degree recognition mean? Recognition means that an official body in another country accepts that your qualification is comparable to one in its own system. One kind of recognition does not guarantee another: a university may accept your degree for a master's while the medical or engineering regulator still asks for exams. And every kind of recognition depends on your institution being properly recognised in its own country. There are three main kinds of recognition, and different organisations decide each one: - Academic recognition: a university decides whether your degree gives you access to further study, such as a master's or PhD. - Professional recognition: a regulator decides whether you can work in a regulated profession, such as doctor, nurse, engineer, lawyer or teacher. - Recognition for employment or immigration: employers, public-sector recruiters and immigration authorities decide how your degree compares, often using an official comparability statement or evaluation. ### Which international agreements help? Several agreements set shared rules for recognition. They make the process fairer and more predictable, but they do not give you an automatic right to work in a regulated profession. The most important are: - The Lisbon Recognition Convention of 1997, from the Council of Europe and UNESCO, covers most of Europe and some other countries, such as Australia, Canada, Israel and New Zealand. Qualifications should be recognised unless the authority can show a substantial difference. - The UNESCO Global Convention on the Recognition of Qualifications concerning Higher Education was adopted in 2019 and entered into force in 2023. It sets global principles for fair, transparent and non-discriminatory recognition, including for refugees. - Regional UNESCO recognition conventions also cover Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Latin America and the Caribbean, and the Arab States. - The Bologna Process created the European Higher Education Area, with a shared degree structure and credit system in countries from Iceland to Kazakhstan. - The Washington Accord is an agreement between engineering accreditation bodies in countries across Asia, Africa, Europe, the Americas and Oceania. Members treat each other's accredited engineering degrees as substantially equivalent. - Within the European Union, doctors, nurses, dentists, midwives, pharmacists, vets and architects trained in member states can benefit from automatic recognition when their training meets shared minimum standards. ### How to get your degree recognised: step by step The exact process depends on the country. Some authorities ask your university to send documents or confirm your degree directly, so contact your university early, especially if you graduated many years ago or the institution has closed or merged. Most recognition applications follow these steps: - Decide why you need recognition: further study, a regulated profession, a general job or a visa. - Find the right authority: a university admissions office, a national recognition centre, a professional regulator or an immigration body. - Check that your institution and programme were officially recognised in their home country when you studied. - Collect your degree certificate, full transcripts, course descriptions and proof of internships or clinical practice, plus a Diploma Supplement if you studied in the European Higher Education Area. - Get certified translations where the authority asks for them. - Authenticate documents if required, for example with an apostille in countries that belong to the Hague Apostille Convention, or through embassy legalisation. - Submit the application, pay any fee and allow weeks or months for a decision. - If the result is negative or partial, ask for the reasons in writing and whether you can appeal or complete extra requirements. ### How does recognition work in different countries? Each country organises recognition in its own way. In Europe, and in some countries elsewhere such as Canada, a national ENIC-NARIC centre gives information and, in many cases, official statements on how foreign qualifications compare with local ones. In the United States, there is no single national authority for recognising degrees. Universities, employers and state licensing boards make their own decisions and often ask for a report from a credential-evaluation service. Choose a service that the organisation you are applying to accepts. In Canada, immigration applications usually need an Educational Credential Assessment from a designated organisation, while provincial regulators handle professional licensing. Many other countries have an official process to confirm or validate foreign degrees, which is often needed for public-sector jobs, further study or professional registration. Examples include evaluation by the national qualifications authority in South Africa, equivalence certificates from education ministries in several Gulf states, verification of overseas degrees for returning graduates in China and revalidation by public universities in Brazil. In Australia, skilled migration usually requires a skills assessment by the body responsible for your occupation. ### What about regulated professions? Regulated professions need the most preparation. The regulator in each country, or sometimes each state or province, decides who can practise. In the European Union, the Regulated Professions Database shows which professions are regulated in each member state and which authority to contact. Typical requirements for common regulated professions include: - Doctors: your medical school usually needs to be listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools. Most countries then require licensing exams, a language test and a period of supervised practice, and some require you to repeat specialist training. - Nurses: registration with the nursing regulator, an assessment of your education, often a competence test and an approved language test. Some countries offer bridging programmes. - Civil and other engineers: an accredited degree under the Washington Accord helps, but a professional engineering licence usually also requires work experience and sometimes exams on local codes, law and ethics. - Lawyers: law is specific to each legal system, so you usually need further study, conversion exams or a local bar exam. Some places let foreign lawyers advise on their home country's law as foreign legal consultants. - Secondary teachers: state schools usually require registration or certification, which can involve an assessment of your teaching qualification and subject knowledge and a period of supervised teaching. International schools may have different rules. ### What if your degree is not fully recognised? Partial recognition is common, and it does not mean you cannot work in your field. The Lisbon Recognition Convention and the Global Convention say that applicants should receive the reasons for a decision and be able to appeal, so keep copies of all correspondence. Ask the authority exactly what is missing, then consider these options: - Take bridging modules, top-up courses or supervised practice to fill specific gaps. - Sit an aptitude test or complete an adaptation period, which some countries offer instead of full retraining. - Study for a master's degree in the new country, which gives you a local qualification. - Work in a related, unregulated role while you complete the requirements, for example in research, health administration or compliance. - If you are a refugee without full documents, ask about qualifications passport schemes, such as those run by the Council of Europe and UNESCO, which assess qualifications through interviews and the evidence available. ### Common mistakes that slow recognition down Most delays can be avoided. Watch out for these common problems: - Waiting until you have moved before starting the process. - Not keeping course descriptions and syllabuses, which regulators may ask for years later. - Using unofficial translations or uncertified copies. - Studying with an unrecognised provider, or a degree mill that sells certificates without real study. - Assuming that a degree from the European Higher Education Area gives automatic access to regulated jobs. - Confusing permission to live in a country with permission to practise a profession there. ## Bachelor's, master's or PhD: which degree level do you need? URL: https://coursetojob.com/guides/bachelors-masters-or-phd/ A bachelor's degree is the entry qualification for most graduate jobs. A master's degree is worth it when your career requires one, when you want to change field, or when it clearly improves your job prospects in the country where you want to work. A PhD trains you to do original research and is mainly for academic and specialist research careers. Degree names and lengths differ between countries, so compare levels rather than titles. ### What is the difference between a bachelor's, master's and PhD? There are three main levels of university degree, and each one builds on the one before. Some professional and integrated degrees do not fit neatly into one level. Here is how they compare: - Bachelor's degree: the first university degree, giving broad knowledge of a subject. It usually takes three to four years, and longer in fields such as medicine, architecture and some engineering programmes. - Master's degree: advanced study in a specialist area, usually for one to two years after a bachelor's. Taught master's degrees are mainly courses and a project; research master's degrees are mainly a research thesis. - Doctorate or PhD: original research that adds new knowledge, written up as a thesis. It often takes three to four years in Europe and Australia, and five years or more in the United States, where it includes more coursework. - Professional and integrated degrees: in the United States and Canada, medicine and law are professional degrees taken after a bachelor's, not research doctorates. In the UK, integrated master's degrees in subjects such as engineering and pharmacy combine both levels. ### How do degree levels compare between countries? Systems differ, which can make qualifications from different countries confusing to compare. The European Higher Education Area, created through the Bologna Process, uses three cycles: bachelor's, master's and doctorate. Its credit system, ECTS, counts one year of full-time study as 60 credits, so a bachelor's is usually 180 to 240 credits and a master's usually 90 to 120. Elsewhere, bachelor's degrees usually take four years in the United States, Canada, China, Japan and Nigeria. Many degrees take three years in the UK, India, South Africa and Australia. In South Africa and Australia, students may add an honours year. In many Latin American countries, first degrees such as the licenciatura often last four to five years and can lead directly to professional practice. Shorter programmes, such as associate degrees and higher diplomas, sit below bachelor's level. To compare levels across the world, UNESCO uses the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED 2011). The table below explains its four tertiary levels, from short-cycle tertiary education to doctoral degrees. ### When is a bachelor's degree enough? For most graduate jobs, a bachelor's degree is enough. Employers in business, technology, finance, the public sector and many other fields hire bachelor's graduates and train them at work. For roles such as software developer, marketing executive or trainee accountant, experience and professional qualifications usually matter more than a second degree. Some bachelor's degrees are professional qualifications in their own right. In many countries, degrees in nursing, engineering and teacher education are the main route to registration or a licence, which may also require supervised practice or work experience. Subjects such as physics and psychology work differently: a bachelor's opens many general graduate jobs, but working as a research physicist or a psychologist needs further study. Expectations differ by country and field. In some continental European countries, such as Germany, where a long single degree was the norm before the Bologna reforms, many employers in engineering and science still expect a master's. In countries where most graduates stop at a bachelor's, relevant work experience can count for more than further study. ### When is a master's degree worth it? A master's degree is most worthwhile when it clearly moves you towards a specific goal. It usually means paying fees and giving up at least a year of earnings, so look at what graduates of the specific programme go on to do. Management degrees such as the MBA are a special case. Most well-regarded programmes expect several years of work experience, and their value depends heavily on the programme and your career stage. Weak reasons for a master's include delaying the job search or hoping a second degree will make up for a lack of experience. Good reasons include: - Your career requires it, as for clinical psychologists in most countries, school teachers in Finland and many research economists. - You want to change field, using a conversion master's in a subject such as computer science, data science, law or psychology. - Employers in your target field usually hire at master's level, as is common for data scientists and some specialist engineers. - You want to work in another country, and a master's there gives you a local qualification and, in some countries, access to a post-study work visa. - You plan to do a PhD, and a master's is required or would strengthen your application. ### Should you do a PhD? Do a PhD because you want to spend several years on research, not to improve your general job prospects. A PhD is required for most permanent university lecturer and research posts, and it is common in research roles in physics, chemistry, the life sciences, economics and data science. A PhD is closer to a junior research job than to more years of classes. You plan and carry out a project with guidance from a supervisor, present or publish your results and often teach undergraduates. Your final thesis is examined by experts, usually including an oral examination, often called a viva or a defence. PhD conditions vary widely. In some countries, such as the Netherlands, the Nordic countries and Germany, many doctoral candidates are employed as research staff and paid a salary. In the United States and Canada, many programmes, especially in the sciences, are funded through teaching or research assistant roles. Elsewhere, you may need a scholarship or have to pay fees yourself. Think very carefully before starting an unfunded PhD. Be realistic about academic careers. In many fields there are far more PhD graduates than permanent academic jobs, so plan for careers outside universities too, in industry research, government, consulting or data roles. Before applying, ask yourself: - Do I enjoy independent research, including long periods of uncertainty? - Is the project funded, and for how long? - Where did the supervisor's previous doctoral students find jobs? - Would a master's degree and work experience get me to my goal faster? ### What are the alternatives to a postgraduate degree? A second degree is not the only way to move forward. Many people take a master's after several years of work, when they can choose a programme with a clear purpose and sometimes get funding from their employer. Depending on your field, you could also consider: - Professional qualifications, such as accountancy or actuarial exams, taken while you work. - Postgraduate certificates and diplomas, which are shorter and cheaper than a full master's. - Short courses and industry certifications in areas such as data, cloud computing and project management. - Part-time or online master's degrees that you can combine with a job. - Working first and deciding later, when you know which qualification your career really needs. ### How to decide: a quick checklist Before you apply for further study, work through these steps: - Read real job adverts for roles you want, in the country where you want to work, and note the qualification level they ask for. - Check whether a regulator sets a minimum qualification for the profession. - Talk to people a few years ahead of you in the career you want. - Compare the full cost of further study, including lost earnings, with the likely benefit to your career. - Check how the qualification will be recognised if you plan to move to another country. ## Alternatives to university: apprenticeships and other routes URL: https://coursetojob.com/guides/alternatives-to-university/ You can build a good career without a traditional university degree. The main alternatives are apprenticeships, vocational and technical colleges, short-cycle programmes such as associate degrees and higher diplomas, professional training for careers such as aviation and policing, and self-taught routes backed by certifications. The best choice depends on the career you want, how your country's education system works and how you prefer to learn. Many of these routes can lead to a degree later. ### What are the main alternatives to university? Alternatives range from paid training in a job to full-time technical study. UNESCO and the OECD group many of them under technical and vocational education and training, whose quality, status and links with employers vary a lot between countries. Most countries offer several of these options, so research how they work where you live: - Apprenticeships: paid jobs with structured training, combining work with study at a college or training centre. - Vocational and technical colleges: practical programmes that lead to a diploma or certificate for a specific trade or occupation. - Short-cycle higher education: two- or three-year programmes such as associate degrees, higher national diplomas and polytechnic diplomas. - Professional training: routes such as flight school for pilots or police academy for police officers. - Employer training programmes: schemes where organisations hire school leavers and train them. - Self-directed learning: online courses, bootcamps and industry certifications, backed by a portfolio of work. ### How do apprenticeships work in different countries? In an apprenticeship you are employed, you earn a wage and you spend part of your time in formal training. At the end you receive a recognised qualification. Programmes usually last from one to four years, depending on the country and the occupation. Germany, Switzerland and Austria are known for their dual systems, in which many young people train for two to four years in a company while attending vocational school. England offers apprenticeships up to degree level, known as degree apprenticeships, in which you earn a full bachelor's or master's degree while working. Australia has apprenticeships and traineeships, and South Africa has learnerships that combine workplace learning with a qualification. National training services in countries such as Brazil and Colombia run large apprenticeship and technical training programmes with employers. Applying for an apprenticeship is like applying for a job. Employers, and in many countries a national government apprenticeship website, advertise vacancies. You usually need a CV or application form, and sometimes aptitude tests and an interview. Places with large, well-known employers can be as competitive as places at popular universities, so apply to several. Quality varies. A good apprenticeship guarantees time for training, leads to a nationally recognised qualification and gives you real responsibility. Be cautious about schemes that are mainly low-paid work with little learning. ### What about colleges, diplomas and associate degrees? Short-cycle tertiary education, which UNESCO classifies one level below a bachelor's degree, is one of the most flexible alternatives. Programmes usually last two to three years and focus on applied skills. Community colleges in the United States offer two-year associate degrees, and many have agreements that let students transfer to a university to complete a bachelor's. Canada has colleges that offer diplomas and applied degrees. Singapore's polytechnics, Australia's technical and further education institutes and higher vocational colleges in China train large numbers of technicians. In Nigeria and Ghana, polytechnics and technical universities offer national diplomas and higher national diplomas. These programmes are often cheaper than a bachelor's degree, many are run by public colleges close to where students live, and many can be studied part-time. That makes them a practical option if you need to keep working or stay near family. In some countries these qualifications have lower status than degrees, and some employers use a degree to filter applicants. Check job adverts in your country for the jobs you want before you decide. ### Which careers can you enter without a degree? Many careers are open without a degree, although entry rules differ by country. In some countries, even careers such as accountancy have non-graduate routes through technician qualifications followed by professional exams. Examples of careers you can often enter without a degree include: - IT support technician: entry-level help desk roles often accept industry certifications and practical skills, with progression into networking or cybersecurity. - Web developer: employers often hire on the strength of a portfolio, whether you learned at college, at a bootcamp or on your own. - Airline pilot: most pilots train at approved flight schools or on airline cadet programmes to gain a commercial pilot licence, and must pass a strict medical examination. Training is expensive. - Police officer: many countries recruit school leavers and train them at a police academy, although some, such as Norway, require a bachelor's degree in police studies. - Paralegal: in many countries you can train through a vocational qualification or on the job. In a few places, such as the Canadian province of Ontario, paralegals are licensed. - Skilled trades: electricians, plumbers and other trades train through apprenticeships and often need a licence to work independently. ### What are the pros and cons compared with university? Alternatives to university suit many people well, but they involve trade-offs. Qualification frameworks, such as the European Qualifications Framework and the ASEAN Qualifications Reference Framework, help employers compare qualification levels between countries, but regulated trades usually still need a local licence. Weigh up these advantages and disadvantages: - Advantage: you often earn while you learn and avoid large student debts. - Advantage: you gain practical experience and workplace contacts early. - Advantage: training is closely matched to real jobs, so moving into work is smoother. - Disadvantage: training can be narrow, which may make it harder to change career later. - Disadvantage: some senior and professional roles, and some work visas, still require a degree. - Disadvantage: vocational qualifications can be harder to get recognised in other countries than degrees. - Disadvantage: quality and employer support vary, especially for short private courses. ### Do bootcamps and online certificates work? They can, in fields where employers hire on proven skills, such as web development, IT support, data analysis, digital marketing and design. They work best when you finish with a portfolio of real projects and can explain your work in an interview. Short courses in computer science topics or business management can also help you test a subject before committing to a full degree. Many countries also offer recognition of prior learning, which lets you gain a formal qualification by showing skills you already have from work. It is available, for example, in Australia, South Africa and many European countries. Results vary widely between course providers. Before you pay for a bootcamp or certificate, check: - Independent evidence of what graduates achieved, not only the provider's own claims. - Whether the course content matches the skills in current job adverts. - The total cost, refund terms and any agreement to repay from your future income. - Whether employers recognise the certificate, or whether it is linked to a national qualification. ### How to choose the right route for you Choosing an alternative now does not stop you going to university later. Many people take a degree later, often part-time, and their work experience can make them stronger students. Use these steps to compare your options: - Pick the career you want and check whether it is regulated in your country. - Read job adverts to see which qualifications employers actually ask for. - Compare length, cost, pay during training and the qualification you receive. - Check that the provider and qualification are officially recognised. - Ask whether the route can lead to a degree later, for example through credit transfer. - Talk to people who have followed the route recently. ## How to get a graduate job: a step-by-step guide URL: https://coursetojob.com/guides/how-to-get-a-graduate-job/ To get a graduate job, start before your final year. Build relevant experience through internships, part-time work and projects, target a realistic set of roles, tailor every application to the job, and prepare for the tests and interviews employers actually use. Recruitment timetables and methods differ between countries, so learn how hiring works where you want to work. Most graduates need many applications, so plan for a process rather than a single attempt. ### When should you start looking for a graduate job? Earlier than most students expect. In many countries, large employers recruit for graduate programmes up to a year before the start date, and internships in the year before graduation often lead to job offers. Smaller employers usually hire closer to the start date, when a vacancy appears. Timetables differ between countries. In Japan, many students start job hunting in their third year and receive informal offers before graduating, and most new graduates start work in April. In China, the main recruitment season for graduates is in the autumn of the final year, followed by a smaller spring season. In the UK and the United States, many graduate programmes open applications in the autumn of the final year. In Nigeria and Ghana, graduates usually complete a year of national service first, and employers often ask for proof of it. For a three- or four-year degree, a typical plan looks like this: - First year: explore careers, join student societies and get any kind of part-time work. - Second or next-to-last year: apply for internships, placements and short insight programmes. - Final year: apply for graduate roles, prepare for tests and interviews, and go to careers fairs. - After graduating: keep applying, as many employers hire all year round. ### Decide which roles to target Sending the same application to hundreds of jobs rarely works. Choose two or three types of role and learn what each one needs. Many graduate roles accept any degree subject, including management consultant, accountant in many countries, marketing and sales roles, and many public-sector programmes. Others need a specific subject or skills: a software developer, for example, needs strong programming ability. Graduates in subjects such as history and English literature bring research, writing and argument skills that suit communications, policy, publishing and marketing, and law conversion courses. Business management graduates can target a wide range of commercial roles, but because many people study the subject, practical experience makes the difference. Most people do not start in the job title they are aiming for. Marketing managers, for example, usually begin as marketing assistants or executives. Look up the entry-level job titles for your target careers, because these are the jobs you will actually apply for. ### Build experience that employers value Employers want evidence that you can do the job, work with others and learn quickly. Experience does not have to be a formal internship. Unpaid internships can exclude students who cannot afford them, so if that applies to you, focus on paid part-time work, short projects and virtual work experience programmes. Keep a simple record of what you did and achieved in each activity, with examples and results. It makes applications and interview answers much easier to write. Experience that employers find useful includes: - Internships, placements and work shadowing. - Part-time jobs, including in shops and restaurants, which show reliability and customer skills. - Leadership roles in student societies, sports clubs or volunteering. - Projects you can show, such as code, writing, research, designs or a marketing campaign. - Research or teaching assistant work at your university. - Freelance work or work in a family business, if you can describe your results. ### Write a CV and applications that get shortlisted Most applications are screened quickly, sometimes by software first. AI writing tools can help you draft and check applications, but employers notice generic text. Make sure every statement is true, specific and in your own voice, because you will be asked about it in interviews. If you use a professional networking profile, keep it consistent with your CV, as recruiters often look at both. Make every application easy to match to the job: - Tailor your CV to each role, using the key skills and words from the job advert. - Show results, not just duties: what you did, how you did it and what changed. - Keep the layout simple so that screening software can read it. - Follow local conventions. Employers in the United States, Canada and the UK usually expect no photo or date of birth, while these are more common in parts of Europe, Asia and the Middle East, and Japan uses a standard CV format. - In the European Union, the free Europass CV format is widely recognised. - Write a short, specific cover letter that explains why you want this role with this employer. - Check spelling and details carefully, and ask someone else to read your application. ### Prepare for tests, assessment centres and interviews Graduate recruitment often has several stages. Find out which ones each employer uses and practise in advance. For competency questions, such as 'Tell me about a time you solved a problem', use the STAR structure: describe the Situation, the Task, the Action you took and the Result. Prepare five or six examples from your studies, work and activities that you can adapt to different questions. Common stages in graduate recruitment include: - Online aptitude tests covering numerical, verbal and logical reasoning. - Situational judgement tests, which ask how you would handle workplace situations. - Recorded video interviews, where you answer questions on screen. - Case interviews for management consultant roles, where you work through a business problem. - Technical interviews and coding tests for software developer roles. - Assessment centres with group exercises, presentations and interviews. ### Where to find graduate jobs Networking matters in every country. Short conversations with people in jobs that interest you can give you advice, referrals and news of vacancies. Ask for information and advice, not for a job. Also use several channels, because each one reaches different employers: - Your university careers service, which often supports graduates for some time after they finish. - Employers' graduate programme pages and careers fairs. - Public-sector recruitment, including competitive civil service exams in countries such as China, India, France and South Korea. - General and specialist job websites, and professional networking sites. - EURES, the European job mobility portal, for jobs in other European countries. - Recruitment agencies that specialise in graduate or entry-level roles. - Direct approaches to small and medium-sized businesses, which often hire without advertising widely. ### What to do if you are not getting offers Rejection is a normal part of graduate recruitment, even for strong candidates. A temporary or non-graduate job can still build useful skills while you keep applying. Be careful about further study as an escape; it helps only if it moves you towards a clear goal. Be wary of anyone who asks you to pay for a job offer, training or equipment before you start, as this is a common scam. Look after your wellbeing. A job search can take months, so set a weekly routine, stay in touch with friends and use the support offered by your university or your country's public employment service. Find out where the process is failing and adjust: - No interviews: improve and tailor your CV, and check that you meet the stated requirements. - Failing online tests: practise with free sample tests under timed conditions. - Interviews but no offers: ask for feedback and practise your answers with a careers adviser. - Too few suitable vacancies: widen your search to smaller employers, other regions or related roles. ## How to change career: a practical guide at any age URL: https://coursetojob.com/guides/changing-career/ Changing career works best as a planned move rather than a sudden jump. Work out what you want to move towards, identify the skills you already have, test the new field cheaply, then close the gaps with the shortest recognised training. Some careers, such as nursing and school teaching, require formal qualifications that take one to four years. Others, such as data analysis, UX design or project management, can often be entered through short courses, projects and internal moves. ### Is it too late to change career? Usually not. People change career in their thirties, forties, fifties and later, and many employers value the maturity and experience they bring. As technology changes jobs and working lives get longer, more people expect to change direction at least once. Common reasons include burnout, redundancy, caring responsibilities, health, a move to another country or simply wanting more meaning from work. If you have moved country, you may need to rebuild your career because your qualifications or experience are not recognised straight away. In that case, check how recognition works for your profession before you decide to retrain from the beginning. The practical limits are time, money and entry rules. A career that needs a new degree and a licence, such as nursing, is a bigger commitment than one you can enter with a short course and a portfolio. Age discrimination exists in some sectors and countries, even where it is illegal, so a strong network and clear evidence of your skills help. Be honest with yourself about how long you can afford to train and, possibly, earn less. ### Work out what you want to move towards Before choosing a new career, be clear about what you want to change. Some people dislike their whole field. Others dislike their employer, manager or working pattern, and a new job in the same field would solve the problem. Then test your ideas before you commit. Talk to people who do the job, read job adverts closely, try a short online course, or volunteer or shadow someone for a day. Occupation databases such as ESCO in the European Union and O*NET in the United States describe the tasks and skills of a very wide range of jobs and are free to use. Start by asking yourself these questions: - What exactly do you want to leave behind: the tasks, the sector, the hours or the people? - Which parts of your current work do you enjoy and want to keep? - What matters most to you now: meaning, pay, flexibility, security or learning? - Which careers keep coming up when you read or talk about work you would enjoy? ### Identify your transferable skills You are not starting from zero. Many skills carry over between careers, and employers often value them highly in career changers. Look for careers where your background is an advantage. A teacher may move into corporate training or educational technology, a nurse into health data or health informatics, a finance professional into data analysis, a retail manager into project management, and someone with customer service experience into user research for UX design. Compare the skills listed for your current and target jobs in ESCO or O*NET to find overlaps and gaps. Common transferable skills include: - Communication, presenting and writing. - Managing projects, budgets, deadlines and people. - Analysing information and solving problems. - Working with customers, patients or students. - Specialist knowledge of a sector, such as health, finance, retail or education. - Languages and experience of working across cultures. ### Choose the shortest recognised route to retrain Pick the shortest route that employers or regulators in your country actually accept. Many countries offer conversion master's degrees for graduates changing field, for example in data science, psychology, law and computing. Part-time and online programmes in education or psychology can open routes into teaching, training or research, but if the job is licensed, check that the programme meets the regulator's requirements before you enrol. In some countries, adults can also take apprenticeships, including at higher levels. Recognition of prior learning, available in countries such as Australia and South Africa and in many parts of Europe, can give you credit for what you already know and shorten your training. Typical routes for some common career changes are: - Data analyst: short courses in spreadsheets, databases, statistics and data visualisation, plus a portfolio of real analyses. A master's in data science helps for more advanced roles. - Secondary teacher: if you already have a degree in a school subject, you usually take a postgraduate teaching qualification lasting one to two years. Some countries also offer salaried routes where you teach while you qualify. - UX/UI designer: design courses or a bootcamp and a portfolio of case studies. A background in psychology or research can help. - Project manager: a recognised project management certification and evidence of projects you have led, often starting with an internal move. - Nurse: an approved nursing degree or diploma. Some countries offer shorter accelerated or graduate-entry programmes for people who already have a degree. ### How to manage the money and the risk A career change often means a period of training and sometimes a lower starting salary. Think about the long term: a lower salary for a year or two may be worth it if the new career offers better progression, stability or satisfaction. Work out the minimum income you need, and how long you can manage on it, before you start. Moving sideways first can be easier than a complete change. For example, a nurse might move into a clinical data role in the same hospital, then into a data analyst job. Reduce the financial risk with a clear plan: - Build savings to cover your training period before you leave your current job. - Study part-time or online while you keep working, if the route allows it. - Ask your employer about funding, study leave or an internal move into the new area. - Check government support for adult learning, such as individual training accounts in France and SkillsFuture credits in Singapore. Public employment services in many countries also fund retraining for jobseekers. - Take on a small freelance or volunteer project in the new field before you switch completely. ### How to get your first job in a new field Your first role in a new field is usually the hardest to get. In interviews, present your change as a positive decision with a clear reason, and link your past experience to what the employer needs. Before you reach the interview stage, these steps help: - Rewrite your CV around the skills and results that matter in the new career, not your old job titles. - Start with a short profile that explains your change and what you bring. - Show evidence: projects, certifications, volunteer work or a portfolio. - Use your network, and tell people clearly what kind of role you are looking for. - Target employers where your background is useful, such as health organisations for a former nurse moving into data work. - Look for returner or career-changer programmes, which some employers run for experienced people. - Be ready to start at a more junior level and move up quickly. ### Common mistakes to avoid Career changes often go wrong for predictable reasons: - Paying for an expensive course before testing whether you enjoy the work. - Collecting certificates without building practical projects. - Hiding your previous career instead of using it as a strength. - Underestimating how long the change will take. - Ignoring licensing rules, which differ between countries for careers such as teaching and nursing. - Leaving your job before you have a funded plan. - Changing sector, role and country all at once when a smaller first step would work.